Antitrust Law
Antitrust law seeks to promote market competition and protect consumers from anti-competitive business practices. It addresses monopolization, cartels, mergers, and agreements that unreasonably restrain trade. This category examines competition law frameworks including the Sherman Act, Clayton Act, and their equivalents in jurisdictions worldwide.
Abuse of Dominance Enforcement in China
Abuse of dominance enforcement under China’s Antimonopoly Law (AML, Articles 17-19) has produced some of the most significant competition law cases in Chinese legal history. Enforcement has …
Antitrust and Competition Law in Nigeria
Introduction Nigerian competition law underwent a transformative development with the enactment of the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act (FCCPA) 2018, which established a comprehensive …
Antitrust and Competition Law in South Africa
Introduction South African competition law, governed primarily by the Competition Act 89 of 1998, provides a comprehensive framework for regulating restrictive practices, abuse of dominance, and …
Antitrust Law in Brazil
Introduction Antitrust law in Brazil (Direito Concorrencial or Direito Antitruste) is primarily governed by Law 12.529/2011, which established the current Brazilian competition law system. The law …
Antitrust Law in Mexico
Introduction Mexican antitrust law is primarily governed by the Federal Economic Competition Law (Ley Federal de Competencia Económica, LFCE), enacted in 1992 and substantially reformed in 2014. The …
Antitrust Law in South Korea
Introduction South Korean antitrust law is governed principally by the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA) (독점규제 및 공정거래에 관한 법률), enacted in 1980 and substantially amended over four decades. …
Antitrust Remedies
Introduction Antitrust remedies serve the dual purposes of compensating victims of anticompetitive conduct and deterring future violations. The antitrust laws provide a comprehensive remedial …
Chinese Antitrust Law
Statutory Framework China’s competition law regime is anchored in the Antimonopoly Law (AML), promulgated on 30 August 2007 and effective from 1 August 2008. A comprehensive revision took effect …
Chinese Merger Control Under the Antimonopoly Law
Chinese merger control under Chapter IV of the Antimonopoly Law (AML) requires mandatory premerger notification for transactions meeting specified turnover thresholds and establishes a multi-phase …
Chinese Platform Regulation
Anti-monopoly Guidelines for Platform Economy In February 2021, the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council issued the Anti-monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy (Pingtai Jingji Fan …
Clayton Act
Introduction The Clayton Act of 1914, codified at 15 USC §§ 12-27, is a federal antitrust statute that addresses specific anticompetitive practices not fully covered by the Sherman Act. The Clayton …
Competition Law in Australia
Introduction Australian competition law is principally codified in the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (the CCA), originally enacted as the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). The CCA prohibits …
Competition Law in Australia
Introduction Competition law in Australia regulates anti-competitive conduct to protect market competition and consumer welfare. The legal framework prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of …
Competition Law in Brazil
Introduction Competition law in Brazil regulates anti-competitive conduct to protect market competition and consumer welfare. The legal framework prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of …
Competition Law in Canada
Introduction Competition law in Canada is primarily governed by the Competition Act, RSC 1985, c C-34, a federal statute that regulates anti-competitive conduct, mergers, and deceptive marketing …
Competition Law in Canada
Introduction Competition law in Canada regulates anti-competitive conduct to protect market competition and consumer welfare. The legal framework prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of …
Competition Law in Japan
The Antimonopoly Act Japanese competition law is centered on the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade (Shiteki Dokusen no Kinshi oyobi Torihiki no Kakuho ni …
Competition Law in Japan
Introduction Competition law in Japan regulates anti-competitive conduct to protect market competition and consumer welfare. The legal framework prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of …
Competition Law in Mexico
Introduction Competition law in Mexico regulates anti-competitive conduct to protect market competition and consumer welfare. The legal framework prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of …
Competition Law in Nigeria
Introduction Competition law in Nigeria regulates anti-competitive conduct to protect market competition and consumer welfare. The legal framework prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of …
Competition Law in South Africa
Introduction Competition law in South Africa regulates anti-competitive conduct to protect market competition and consumer welfare. The legal framework prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of …
Competition Law in South Korea
Introduction Competition law in South Korea regulates anti-competitive conduct to protect market competition and consumer welfare. The legal framework prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of …
EU Antitrust Law
Treaty Framework EU competition law derives from the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) . Article 101 TFEU prohibits anticompetitive agreements, decisions by associations of …
EU Antitrust Procedure: Investigation, Enforcement, and Sanctions
Introduction EU antitrust procedure governs the European Commission’s exercise of its enforcement powers under Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. Regulation 1/2003, the procedural cornerstone of modern …
EU Merger Regulation: Concentration Control and the SIEC Test
Introduction The European Union Merger Regulation (EUMR), formally Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004, establishes a mandatory ex ante control regime for concentrations with a Community dimension. …
EU State Aid Law: Article 107 TFEU and the Enforcement Framework
Introduction EU State aid law, anchored in Articles 107–109 TFEU, prohibits Member States from conferring selective economic advantages on undertakings that distort or threaten to distort competition …
FAS Russia Enforcement: Abuse of Dominance, Anticompetitive Agreements, and Digital Markets
The Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation (Federalnaya Antimonopolnaya Sluzhba, FAS Russia) is the primary authority for competition law enforcement in Russia. Established in 2004, …
French Antitrust Law
Statutory Framework French competition law is codified in Book IV of the Code de commerce (Articles L. 420-1 to L. 464-13). The principal enforcement authority is the Autorité de la concurrence …
French Merger Control: Thresholds, Procedure, and Media Pluralism
French merger control (contrôle des concentrations) is governed by the Code de commerce and enforced by the Autorité de la concurrence (Competition Authority). The system reviews mergers and …
French State Aid Control
EU Treaty Framework (Articles 107-109 TFEU) French state aid control is governed primarily by EU law. Articles 107 to 109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union establish the …
German Antitrust Law
Statutory Framework German competition law is codified in the Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (GWB) —the Act Against Restraints of Competition—first enacted in 1957 and regularly amended. The …
German Competition Law (GWB)
The Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschrankungen German competition law is codified in the Act against Restraints of Competition (Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschrankungen, GWB), first enacted in 1957 and …
Market Investigations in UK Competition Law
Introduction The UK market investigation regime, established under Part 4 of the Enterprise Act 2002, provides the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) with a powerful tool for addressing …
Merger Control in Australia
Introduction Merger control in Australia ensures that corporate transactions do not substantially lessen competition. The regulatory framework requires pre-merger notification for qualifying …
Merger Control in Brazil
Introduction Merger control in Brazil ensures that corporate transactions do not substantially lessen competition. The regulatory framework requires pre-merger notification for qualifying …
Merger Control in Canada
Introduction Merger control in Canada ensures that corporate transactions do not substantially lessen competition. The regulatory framework requires pre-merger notification for qualifying …
Merger Control in Japan
Introduction Merger control in Japan ensures that corporate transactions do not substantially lessen competition. The regulatory framework requires pre-merger notification for qualifying transactions. …
Merger Control in Mexico
Introduction Merger control in Mexico ensures that corporate transactions do not substantially lessen competition. The regulatory framework requires pre-merger notification for qualifying …
Merger Control in Nigeria
Introduction Merger control in Nigeria ensures that corporate transactions do not substantially lessen competition. The regulatory framework requires pre-merger notification for qualifying …
Merger Control in South Africa
Introduction Merger control in South Africa ensures that corporate transactions do not substantially lessen competition. The regulatory framework requires pre-merger notification for qualifying …
Merger Control in South Korea
Introduction Merger control in South Korea ensures that corporate transactions do not substantially lessen competition. The regulatory framework requires pre-merger notification for qualifying …
Overview of German Antitrust Law
German antitrust law is codified in the Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (GWB), which prohibits anticompetitive agreements, abuse of market dominance, and merger control. The Bundeskartellamt …
Russian Antitrust Law
Statutory Framework Russian competition law is codified in Federal Law No. 135-FZ “On Protection of Competition” (the Competition Law), adopted on 26 July 2006. The law regulates …
Russian Competition Proceedings
The Federal Antimonopoly Service The Federal Antimonopoly Service (Federalnaya Antimonopolnaya Sluzhba, FAS) is the central authority responsible for competition enforcement in Russia. The FAS …
Russian Digital Markets Regulation
Fifth Antimonopoly Package and Digital Platforms The Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service (Federalnaya Antimonopolnaya Sluzhba, FAS) has been at the forefront of digital markets regulation through its …
Russian Natural Monopoly Regulation
Legal Framework Natural monopoly regulation in Russia is governed by the Federal Law on Natural Monopolies (No. 147-FZ of 17 August 1995), which defines natural monopolies as states of the commodity …
Sherman Act Section 1
Introduction Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 USC § 1, prohibits “[e]very contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce …
Sherman Act Section 2
Introduction Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 USC § 2, prohibits monopolization, attempted monopolization, and conspiracies to monopolize. Unlike Section 1, which targets concerted action, …
The Competition Act 1998
Introduction The Competition Act 1998 (CA 1998) is the principal legislation governing competition law in the United Kingdom. The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements and abuses of market power, …
UK Antitrust Law
Statutory Framework UK competition law is principally governed by the Competition Act 1998 and the Enterprise Act 2002. The Competition Act reproduces the substance of EU Articles 101 and 102 TFEU …
UK Merger Control
Introduction UK merger control is governed principally by the Enterprise Act 2002 (EA 2002), which replaced the public interest test under the Fair Trading Act 1973 with a competition-based …
US Antitrust Law
Statutory Framework US antitrust law rests on three core federal statutes. The Sherman Act of 1890 prohibits contracts, combinations, and conspiracies in restraint of trade (§1) and monopolization, …
Vertical Restrictions Under French Law
Sources of Law and Institutional Framework Vertical restrictions in France are governed by both EU competition law (Articles 101 and 102 TFEU) and national competition law (Articles L. 420-1 and L. …