Statutes
This category presents landmark statutes and comprehensive codes that form the backbone of legal regulation across various fields. Each entry includes the statute’s background, key provisions, amendments, and interpretive history. The articles cover both foundational legislation and recent statutory developments across all major jurisdictions.
42 USC Section 1983
Overview of Section 1983 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 is the primary federal statute allowing individuals to sue state and local government officials for violations of federal constitutional or statutory …
A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999
The A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (GST Act) introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in Australia, effective from 1 July 2000. The GST is a broad-based consumption tax of 10% …
Access to Information Act
The Access to Information Act (ATIA) gives Canadian citizens and permanent residents a right of access to records held by federal government institutions. The Act is based on the principle that …
Access to Justice Act 1999
The Access to Justice Act 1999 (AJA 1999) replaced the legal aid system established by the Legal Aid Act 1988 with the Community Legal Service and the Criminal Defence Service. The Act established the …
Achtes Buch — Schutz und Verwendung von Daten
This article covers Achtes Buch — Schutz und Verwendung von Daten of the Strafprozessordnung (STPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure. This division contains 33 structural units (sections, titles, …
Act Against Restraints of Competition (GWB)
Overview Act Against Restraints of Competition (GWB) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of competition law. This German statute (GWB) is part of the legal framework governing competition …
Act Against Unfair Competition (UWG)
Overview The Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG) is the German Act Against Unfair Competition. It prohibits unfair commercial practices including misleading advertising, aggressive sales …
Act of Union 1707
The Act of Union 1707 (formally the Union with Scotland Act 1706 in England, and the Union with England Act 1707 in Scotland) united the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single …
Act on Environmental Impact Assessment
The Act on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Act) requires environmental impact assessments for large-scale public and private projects that may have significant environmental effects. Enacted in …
Act on General Rules for Employment (Rōdōsha Haken Hō)
The Act on General Rules for Employment (commonly known as the Worker Dispatch Act) regulates the practice of worker dispatching (temporary agency work) in Japan. Originally enacted in 1985, the Act …
Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilisation
The Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilisation and Information Protection governs the use of information and communications networks in South Korea. Originally enacted in …
Act on Special Measures for Child Rearing Allowance
The Act on Special Measures for Child Rearing Allowance established a new system of financial support for families raising children. Enacted in 2022 as part of Japan’s efforts to address …
Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI)
The Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) is Japan’s comprehensive data protection legislation. Originally enacted in 2003 and substantially amended in 2020, the APPI regulates …
Acts Interpretation Act 1901
The Acts Interpretation Act 1901 is a foundational statute that sets out the rules for the interpretation of Commonwealth legislation. The Act provides definitions of commonly used terms, rules for …
Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015
Introduction The Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015 is the principal legislation governing criminal procedure in Nigeria. Enacted to replace the Criminal Procedure Act Cap C41, LFN …
Administrative Court Rules (VwGO)
Overview The Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung (VwGO) is the German Code of Administrative Court Procedure, governing the organization, jurisdiction, and procedure of the administrative courts. It provides …
Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Administrative Litigation Law of the People’s Republic of China governs judicial review of administrative actions. The Law allows individuals and organizations to challenge …
Administrative Procedure Act
Overview of the Administrative Procedure Act The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) , enacted in 1946, is the federal statute governing the procedures by which federal agencies propose and establish …
Administrative Procedure Act (VwVfG)
Overview The Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (VwVfG) codifies the procedural rules for German federal administrative authorities, governing administrative acts, public contracts, plans, and administrative …
Administrative Procedures Act (Haengjeong Jeolcha Beop)
The Administrative Procedures Act (Haengjeong Jeolcha Beop) governs the procedures of administrative agencies in South Korea. Enacted in 1996, the Act establishes the framework for administrative …
Affordable Care Act
Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) , enacted in 2010, is the most comprehensive healthcare reform legislation since Medicare and Medicaid. The ACA aimed to increase …
Age Discrimination Act 2004
The Age Discrimination Act 2004 prohibits discrimination on the basis of age in employment, education, housing, and the provision of goods and services. The Act covers both young and older …
Aged Care Act 1997
The Aged Care Act 1997 established the modern framework for Commonwealth-funded aged care services in Australia. The Act governs the approval, funding, and regulation of residential aged care, home …
Allgemeiner Teil
This article covers Allgemeiner Teil of the Strafgesetzbuch (STGB), the German Criminal Code. This division contains 170 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Erster Abschnitt — Das …
Americans with Disabilities Act
Introduction The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, codified at 42 USC §§ 12101-12213, is a landmark civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. …
Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006
The Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 (AML/CTF Act) establishes Australia’s regulatory framework for combating money laundering and terrorism financing. The Act …
Anti-Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China (AML), effective August 2008 and amended in 2022, regulates monopolistic conduct, anti-competitive agreements, and mergers in …
Antimonopoly Act (Dokusen Kinshi Hō)
The Antimonopoly Act (Dokusen Kinshi Hō) is Japan’s primary competition law statute. Enacted in 1947 during the Allied occupation, the Act prohibits monopolisation, unreasonable restraint of …
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1988
The Arbitration and Conciliation Act provides the legal framework for commercial arbitration and conciliation in Nigeria. Enacted in 1988, it is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law and governs the conduct …
Armed Forces Act 2006
The Armed Forces Act 2006 created a unified system of service law for the Royal Navy, the Army, and the Royal Air Force, replacing the three separate systems of naval, military, and air force law. The …
Asylum Act (AsylG)
Overview The Asylgesetz (AsylG) is the German Asylum Act, governing the procedural framework for asylum applications in Germany. It implements the Common European Asylum System, regulating the …
Attorney Act (Bengoshi Hō)
The Attorney Act (Bengoshi Hō) governs the profession of attorneys (bengoshi) in Japan. Enacted in 1949, the Act establishes the qualifications, licensing, duties, and regulatory framework for …
Australian Citizenship Act 2007
The Australian Citizenship Act 2007 governs the acquisition, renunciation, and loss of Australian citizenship. The Act replaced the Australian Citizenship Act 1948 and modernised the citizenship …
Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
The Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (AHRC Act) established the Australian Human Rights Commission as an independent statutory authority responsible for promoting and protecting human …
Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (ASIC Act) establishes the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) as Australia’s corporate, markets, and financial …
Autonomous Sanctions Act 2011
The Autonomous Sanctions Act 2011 provides the legislative framework for Australia to impose autonomous sanctions (that is, sanctions independent of United Nations Security Council resolutions) …
Bank Act
The Bank Act is Canada’s principal banking legislation, governing the regulation, incorporation, and operation of banks in Canada. The Act establishes the legal framework for domestic banks, …
Banking Act (Eunhaeng Beop)
The Banking Act (Eunhaeng Beop) governs the regulation and supervision of banking institutions in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1950, the Act establishes the licensing requirements for banks, the …
Banking Act (Ginkōhō)
The Banking Act (Ginkōhō) governs the regulation and supervision of banking institutions in Japan. Enacted in 1981, the Act establishes the licensing requirements for banks, the scope of banking …
Banking Act 1959
The Banking Act 1959 is the principal legislation regulating the Australian banking sector. The Act establishes the prudential regulatory framework for authorised deposit-taking institutions (ADIs), …
Bankruptcy Act (Hasanshō Hō)
The Bankruptcy Act (Hasanshō Hō) governs corporate and personal bankruptcy proceedings in Japan. Enacted in 2004 to replace the 1922 law, the modern Bankruptcy Act introduced new procedures for …
Bankruptcy Code
Introduction The Bankruptcy Code, codified at Title 11 of the United States Code, governs bankruptcy proceedings in federal courts. The Code provides for the reorganization or liquidation of …
Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act, 2020
The Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act (BOFIA) is the principal legislation governing the regulation of banks and other financial institutions in Nigeria. Enacted in 2020, it replaced the …
Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997
The Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA) establishes the minimum employment standards in South Africa. Enacted in 1997, it regulates working hours, overtime, leave, remuneration, and termination …
Basic Environment Act (Kankyō Kihon Hō)
The Basic Environment Act (Kankyō Kihon Hō) is Japan’s framework environmental legislation. Enacted in 1993, the Act establishes the basic principles of environmental policy, the …
Basic Environmental Policy Act
The Basic Environmental Policy Act is South Korea’s framework environmental legislation. Enacted in 1990, the Act establishes the basic principles of environmental policy, the responsibilities …
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz)
Overview The Grundgesetz (Basic Law) is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. Adopted in 1949, it establishes fundamental rights (Articles 1-19), the federal structure of the state, the …
Besonderer Teil
This article covers Besonderer Teil of the Strafgesetzbuch (STGB), the German Criminal Code. This division contains 456 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Erster Abschnitt — …
Biosecurity Act 2015
The Biosecurity Act 2015 modernised Australia’s biosecurity legislation, replacing the Quarantine Act 1908. The Act provides a comprehensive framework for managing risks to Australia’s …
Brazilian Civil Code of 2002
Introduction The Brazilian Civil Code (Código Civil, Law 10.406/2002) is the primary codification of private law in Brazil, replacing the 1916 Civil Code. Enacted after 27 years of drafting and …
Brazilian Consumer Protection Code of 1990
Introduction The Consumer Protection Code (Código de Defesa do Consumidor, CDC, Law 8.078/1990) is one of the most advanced consumer protection laws in the world. Enacted pursuant to Article 5, XXXII …
Brazilian Penal Code of 1940
Introduction The Brazilian Penal Code (Código Penal, Decree-Law 2.848/1940) is the primary codification of criminal law in Brazil. Enacted on December 7, 1940, and effective from January 1, 1942, it …
Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act 53 of 2003
The Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act (B-BBEE) promotes the participation of Black people in the South African economy. Enacted in 2003 and substantially amended in 2013, it establishes a …
Buch 1 — Allgemeine Vorschriften
This article covers Buch 1 — Allgemeine Vorschriften of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 282 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure …
Buch 1 — Allgemeiner Teil
This article covers Buch 1 — Allgemeiner Teil of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), the German Civil Code. This division contains 278 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Abschnitt …
Buch 10 — Schiedsrichterliches Verfahren
This article covers Buch 10 — Schiedsrichterliches Verfahren of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 52 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). …
Buch 11 — Justizielle Zusammenarbeit in der Europäischen Union
This article covers Buch 11 — Justizielle Zusammenarbeit in der Europäischen Union of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 74 structural units (sections, …
Buch 12 — Erprobung und Evaluierung
This article covers Buch 12 — Erprobung und Evaluierung of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 24 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). …
Buch 2 — Recht der Schuldverhältnisse
This article covers Buch 2 — Recht der Schuldverhältnisse of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), the German Civil Code. This division contains 1020 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). …
Buch 2 — Verfahren im ersten Rechtszug
This article covers Buch 2 — Verfahren im ersten Rechtszug of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 276 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). …
Buch 3 — Rechtsmittel
This article covers Buch 3 — Rechtsmittel of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 74 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Abschnitt 1 …
Buch 3 — Sachenrecht
This article covers Buch 3 — Sachenrecht of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), the German Civil Code. This division contains 467 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Abschnitt 1 — …
Buch 4 — Familienrecht
This article covers Buch 4 — Familienrecht of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), the German Civil Code. This division contains 582 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Abschnitt 1 …
Buch 4 — Wiederaufnahme des Verfahrens
This article covers Buch 4 — Wiederaufnahme des Verfahrens of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 14 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). …
Buch 5 — Erbrecht
This article covers Buch 5 — Erbrecht of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), the German Civil Code. This division contains 479 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Abschnitt 1 — …
Buch 5 — Urkunden- und Wechselprozess
This article covers Buch 5 — Urkunden- und Wechselprozess of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 15 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). …
Buch 6 — Weitere besondere Verfahren
This article covers Buch 6 — Weitere besondere Verfahren of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 12 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). …
Buch 7 — Mahnverfahren
This article covers Buch 7 — Mahnverfahren of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 20 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure * **§ 688** …
Buch 8 — Zwangsvollstreckung
This article covers Buch 8 — Zwangsvollstreckung of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 344 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure …
Buch 9 — (weggefallen)
This article covers Buch 9 — (weggefallen) of the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure. This division contains 1 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure * **(XXXX) …
Building Code (BauGB)
Overview The Baugesetzbuch (BauGB) is the German Building Code, the principal statute governing urban land use planning and development. It regulates land-use plans (Flächennutzungspläne and …
Canada Business Corporations Act
The Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA) is the principal statute governing federally incorporated corporations in Canada. The Act provides a modern legal framework for corporate governance, …
Canada Evidence Act
The Canada Evidence Act (CEA) establishes the rules of evidence in proceedings before federal courts, including the Supreme Court of Canada, the Federal Court, and the Tax Court. The Act also applies …
Canada Health Act
The Canada Health Act (CHA) establishes the criteria and conditions that provincial and territorial health insurance plans must satisfy to receive full federal cash contributions under the Canada …
Canada Labour Code
Structure and Scope The Canada Labour Code, RSC 1985, c L-2 (the “Code”), is the comprehensive federal labour statute governing workplace relations, occupational health and safety, and …
Canada Pension Plan
The Canada Pension Plan (CPP) is a contributory, earnings-related social insurance program that provides retirement, disability, and survivor benefits to eligible Canadians. The CPP is funded through …
Canada Transportation Act
The Canada Transportation Act establishes the framework for the regulation of transportation services under federal jurisdiction, including rail, air, marine, and interprovincial trucking. The Act …
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms — Overview
Enactment and Constitutional Status The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982, 1982, c 11 (UK)) is Canada’s …
Canadian Criminal Code
Historical Origins and Codification The Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, is Canada’s primary federal criminal statute, consolidating the substantive criminal law, procedural rules, and …
Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999
The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA) is Canada’s primary federal environmental legislation for preventing and managing risks from toxic substances. The Act provides a framework …
Canadian Human Rights Act
The Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA) prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital …
Care Act 2014
The Care Act 2014 modernised the law on adult social care in England, replacing the National Assistance Act 1948 and other fragmented legislation. The Act established a new legal framework centred on …
Child Justice Act 75 of 2008
The Child Justice Act establishes a separate child justice system for children in conflict with the law. Enacted in 2008 and fully operational from 2010, it introduces diversion programmes, prescribes …
Child Welfare Act (Adong Bokjibeop)
The Child Welfare Act (Adong Bokjibeop) establishes the framework for child welfare and protection in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1961, the Act defines the rights of children, the duties of …
Child Welfare Act (Jidō Fukushi Hō)
The Child Welfare Act (Jidō Fukushi Hō) establishes the framework for child welfare and protection in Japan. Enacted in 1947, the Act defines the rights of children, the duties of parents, and the …
Child's Rights Act, 2003
The Child’s Rights Act provides a comprehensive legal framework for the protection and welfare of children in Nigeria. Enacted in 2003, it domesticates the United Nations Convention on the …
Children's Act 38 of 2005
The Children’s Act comprehensively reformed the law relating to the care, protection, and welfare of children in South Africa. Enacted in 2005 and fully operational from 2010, it replaces the …
Chinese Company Law: Corporate Governance and the 2023 Revision
The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国公司法) was first enacted in 1993 and has undergone substantial revisions in 2005, 2013, 2018, and most significantly in 2023 with effect …
Chinese Criminal Code (Xingfa)
The 1979 Original Criminal Code The first Criminal Code of the People’s Republic of China, the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, was adopted by the National People’s …
Chinese Criminal Law Under the 1997 Criminal Code
The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China is codified in the 1997 Criminal Code, which replaced the 1979 Criminal Code as part of the comprehensive reform of Chinese criminal justice. …
Chinese Law on Administrative Penalties: Procedure, Reform and Enforcement
The Law on Administrative Penalties of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国行政处罚法, the Administrative Penalties Law) was first enacted in 1996 and substantially revised in 2017 and 2021. It …
Citizenship Act
The Citizenship Act governs the acquisition, retention, renunciation, and revocation of Canadian citizenship. Citizenship is acquired by birth in Canada (jus soli, subject to limited exceptions), by …
Civil Code of South Korea (1958)
Introduction The Civil Code of the Republic of Korea (민법, Act No. 471) was enacted on February 22, 1958, and took effect on January 1, 1960. It is the foundational private law statute of South Korea, …
Civil Execution Act
The Civil Execution Act governs the enforcement of civil judgments and the execution of court orders in South Korea. The Act establishes procedures for the seizure and sale of property, garnishment, …
Civil Marriage Act
The Civil Marriage Act (SC 2005, c 33) legalized same-sex marriage across Canada, providing a statutory definition of marriage as ’the lawful union of two persons to the exclusion of all …
Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation
Introduction The Civil Procedure Code (GPK RF) governs civil litigation in Russian courts of general jurisdiction. The Code establishes procedures for filing claims, collecting evidence, conducting …
Civil Rehabilitation Act (Minji Saisei Hō)
The Civil Rehabilitation Act (Minji Saisei Hō) provides a debtor in possession restructuring procedure for small and medium-sized enterprises in Japan. Enacted in 2000, the Act was designed to provide …
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Overview of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the most comprehensive federal civil rights legislation in American history. Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on …
Civil Union Act 17 of 2006
The Civil Union Act provides for the recognition of same-sex and opposite-sex partnerships through civil unions. Enacted in 2006 following the Constitutional Court decision in Minister of Home Affairs …
Clean Air Act
Introduction The Clean Air Act (CAA), codified at 42 U.S.C. Chapter 85, is the primary federal law regulating air pollution in the United States. Enacted in 1963 and substantially amended in 1970 and …
Climate Change Act 2008
The Climate Change Act 2008 established the world’s first legally binding long-term framework to tackle climate change. The Act created a target to reduce UK greenhouse gas emissions by at least …
Code de Commerce (Commercial Code)
Introduction The Code de Commerce is the French Commercial Code that governs commercial activities, business organizations, and insolvency proceedings. It codifies the law applicable to commerçants …
Code de l'Environnement (Environmental Code)
Introduction The Code de l’Environnement codifies French environmental law. The Code consolidates legislation on water protection, air quality, waste management, biodiversity, environmental …
Code de la Consommation (Consumer Code)
Introduction The Code de la Consommation codifies French consumer protection law. The Code provides comprehensive protections for consumers in transactions with professionals, including rights of …
Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle (Intellectual Property Code)
Introduction The Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle (CPI) codifies French intellectual property law. The Code covers literary and artistic property (droit d’auteur), industrial property …
Code de la Securite Sociale (Social Security Code)
Introduction The Code de la Securite Sociale codifies French social security law. The Code establishes the comprehensive social insurance system covering health insurance, old-age pensions, family …
Code du Travail (Labor Code)
Introduction The Code du Travail is the comprehensive French labor code that governs individual employment relationships, collective bargaining, and workplace health and safety. The Code reflects …
Code General des Impots (General Tax Code)
Introduction The Code General des Impots (CGI) is the primary French tax code, governing income tax (impot sur le revenu), corporate tax (impot sur les societes), value-added tax (TVA), and various …
Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation
Introduction The Code of Administrative Offences (KoAP RF) governs liability for administrative violations in Russia. Administrative offenses are less serious than criminal offenses but may result in …
Code of Civil Procedure (Minji Soshō Hō)
The Code of Civil Procedure (Minji Soshō Hō) governs civil litigation in Japan. Originally enacted in 1890 based on German models, the Code was comprehensively revised in 1996 to modernise …
Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO)
Overview The Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO) is the German code of civil procedure, governing litigation before civil courts from filing through judgment and enforcement. This German statute (ZPO) is part …
Code of Criminal Procedure (StPO)
Overview The Strafprozessordnung (StPO) is the German code of criminal procedure, governing criminal investigations, pretrial detention, trial proceedings, evidence, appeals, and the execution of …
Código de Comercio
The Código de Comercio (Commerce Code) was enacted in 1889 and governs commercial transactions, mercantile acts, and business operations in Mexico. The code establishes the legal framework for …
Código de Processo Civil (CPC)
The Código de Processo Civil (CPC), enacted as Law No. 13,105 of 2015, replaced the previous 1973 code and governs civil procedure in all Brazilian courts. The CPC modernized Brazilian civil …
Código de Processo Penal (CPP)
The Código de Processo Penal (CPP), enacted by Decree-Law No. 3,689 of 1941, is the principal statute governing criminal procedure in Brazil. It establishes the rules for criminal investigations, …
Código Florestal (Lei 12,651/2012)
The Código Florestal (Law No. 12,651 of 2012), Brazil’s Forest Code, establishes the legal framework for the protection of vegetation on private and public lands. The code defines areas of …
Código Nacional de Procedimientos Penales
The Código Nacional de Procedimientos Penales (National Criminal Procedure Code), enacted in 2014, established a unified criminal procedure for all of Mexico, replacing the previous system of separate …
Código Tributário Nacional (CTN)
The Código Tributário Nacional (CTN), enacted by Law No. 5,172 of 1966, is the foundational statute for Brazilian tax law, establishing the general framework for the tax system at all three levels of …
Commercial Act of South Korea
Introduction The Commercial Act (상법, Act No. 1000) was enacted on January 20, 1962, and took effect on January 1, 1963. It governs commercial transactions, companies, insurance, maritime commerce, and …
Commercial Code (Shōhō)
The Commercial Code (Shōhō) was enacted in 1899 as one of the foundational statutes of Japan’s modern legal system. Modelled on the German Commercial Code, it governed commercial transactions, …
Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918
The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 is the principal legislation governing federal elections in Australia. It establishes the framework for the enrolment of voters, the conduct of elections, the …
Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020
Introduction The Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020 is the principal legislation governing corporate law and regulation in Nigeria. Enacted on 7 August 2020, CAMA 2020 repealed and replaced …
Companies Income Tax Act, 2007
The Companies Income Tax Act (CITA) is the principal legislation governing the taxation of companies in Nigeria. It defines the scope of company income tax, taxable income, allowable deductions, tax …
Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 130 of 1993
The Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (COIDA) provides for compensation for employees who suffer injuries or diseases arising out of and in the course of their employment. …
Concordato y Acuerdos entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y la Santa Sede
The 1992 reform of Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution and the subsequent agreements with the Holy See (concordato) established the legal framework for the relationship between the Mexican state …
Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT)
The Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), enacted by Decree-Law No. 5,452 of 1943, is Brazil’s comprehensive labor law statute governing individual and collective labor relations. The CLT …
Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos
The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, enacted on 5 February 1917, is the supreme law of Mexico and one of the first constitutions in the world to enshrine social rights. Born from …
Constituição Federal de 1988
The Federal Constitution of 1988 (Constituição Federal) is the supreme law of the Federative Republic of Brazil, enacted on 5 October 1988 following the end of the military dictatorship. Known as the …
Constitution Act, 1867
The Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly the British North America Act, 1867) is the foundational constitutional document of Canada. Enacted by the United Kingdom Parliament, it created the Dominion of …
Constitution Act, 1982
The Constitution Act, 1982 was a landmark constitutional reform that patriated the Canadian Constitution from the United Kingdom and added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Act includes …
Constitution of Japan (Nihonkoku Kenpō)
The Constitution of Japan, enacted on 3 May 1948, is the supreme law of Japan. Drafted during the Allied occupation, it replaced the Meiji Constitution of 1889. The Constitution is notable for its …
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999
Introduction The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended) is the supreme law of Nigeria, establishing the legal and institutional framework for governance in Africa’s …
Constitution of the Republic of Korea
The Constitution of the Republic of Korea, adopted on 25 October 1987 following the June Democratic Uprising, is the supreme law of South Korea. The Constitution establishes a presidential system of …
Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008
The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) provides comprehensive consumer protection in South Africa. Enacted in 2008, it addresses unfair business practices, product safety, consumer rights in transactions, …
Consumer Rights Act 2015
The Consumer Rights Act 2015 consolidated and modernised the law of consumer rights in the United Kingdom, replacing numerous statutes including the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (for consumer transactions), …
Consumption Tax Act (Shōhizei Hō)
The Consumption Tax Act (Shōhizei Hō) introduced Japan’s value-added tax system in 1989. The consumption tax is a broad-based indirect tax levied on the transfer of goods and provision of …
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA) is Canada’s primary legislation regulating narcotics, controlled substances, and precursor chemicals. The Act classifies substances into schedules …
Cooperative Societies Act (GenG)
Overview Cooperative Societies Act (GenG) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of corporate law. This German statute (GenG) is part of the legal framework governing corporate law. German …
Copyright Act
The Copyright Act is Canada’s primary legislation governing copyright protection. The Act protects original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, as well as performer’s …
Copyright Act (Chosakukenhō)
The Copyright Act (Chosakukenhō) governs copyright and related rights in Japan. Enacted in 1970, the Act provides protection for original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, as well as …
Copyright Act (Jeojakgwonbeop)
The Copyright Act (Jeojakgwonbeop) governs the protection of copyright and related rights in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1957, the Act has been extensively amended to implement international …
Copyright Act (UrhG)
Overview The Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (UrhG) is the German Copyright Act. It protects works of literature, science, and art, granting authors exclusive rights of …
Copyright Act 1968
The Copyright Act 1968 is the principal legislation governing copyright protection in Australia. The Act protects original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, as well as sound recordings, …
Copyright Act 98 of 1978
The Copyright Act governs the protection of copyright in literary, musical, artistic, and other creative works in South Africa. Enacted in 1978, it defines works eligible for copyright, the rights of …
Copyright Act, 2022
The Copyright Act 2022 is Nigeria’s comprehensive legislation governing the protection of literary, musical, artistic, and other creative works. Enacted in 2022, it replaces the earlier …
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988) is the primary copyright legislation in the United Kingdom. It replaced the Copyright Act 1956 and related legislation, modernising copyright …
Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act
The Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act was enacted in 1997 in response to the Asian financial crisis to provide a streamlined mechanism for the restructuring of distressed companies. The Act …
Corporate Tax Act (Beopin Sebeop)
The Corporate Tax Act (Beopin Sebeop) governs the taxation of corporations in South Korea. Enacted in 1967, the Act establishes the framework for calculating corporate taxable income, tax rates, and …
Corporation Tax Act (Hōjinzei Hō)
The Corporation Tax Act (Hōjinzei Hō) governs the taxation of corporations in Japan. Enacted in 1965, the Act establishes the framework for calculating corporate taxable income, tax rates, and various …
Corrections and Conditional Release Act
The Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA) governs the administration of federal corrections in Canada, including the management of federal penitentiaries (sentences of two years or more), the …
Courts Act 2003
The Courts Act 2003 introduced significant reforms to the administration of the courts in England and Wales. The Act established the unified Courts Service (now HM Courts and Tribunals Service), …
Courts Constitution Act (GVG)
Overview Courts Constitution Act (GVG) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of judicial system. This German statute (GVG) is part of the legal framework governing judicial system. German …
Crimes Act 1914
The Crimes Act 1914 is one of Australia’s oldest criminal statutes, defining a range of Commonwealth criminal offences and establishing procedural rules for federal criminal investigations and …
Criminal Code (Offences and Sentencing)
The Criminal Code (RSC 1985, c C-46) is Canada’s principal criminal statute, codifying most criminal offences and procedural rules. The Code defines offences ranging from summary conviction …
Criminal Code Act (Southern States), 1916
The Criminal Code Act applies primarily to the Southern States of Nigeria and was enacted in 1916 during the colonial era. Derived from the Queensland Criminal Code in Australia, it codifies criminal …
Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth)
The Criminal Code Act 1995 created Australia’s first Commonwealth criminal code, codifying the general principles of criminal responsibility and defining Commonwealth criminal offences. The Code …
Criminal Code of South Korea (1953)
Introduction The Criminal Code of the Republic of Korea (형법, Act No. 293) was enacted on September 18, 1953, and took effect on October 3, 1953. It is the primary penal statute, establishing the …
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a wide-ranging statute that reformed many areas of criminal justice and public order law. The Act introduced the offence of aggravated trespass, …
Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977
The Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) governs the procedural aspects of criminal trials in South Africa. Enacted in 1977, it replaced the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act of 1917 and establishes the …
Criminal Procedure Code (Hyeongsa Sosong Beop)
The Criminal Procedure Code (Hyeongsa Sosong Beop) governs the procedures for criminal investigation, prosecution, trial, and appeals in South Korea. Enacted in 1954, the Code establishes the …
Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation
Introduction The Criminal Procedure Code (UPK RF), adopted in 2001, governs criminal investigations, prosecutions, and trials in Russia. The Code replaced the Soviet-era code and introduced …
Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964
The Customs and Excise Act governs the collection of customs and excise duties on imported and locally manufactured goods. Enacted in 1964, it establishes the South African Revenue Service’s …
Customs and Excise Management Act
The Customs and Excise Management Act provides the legal framework for the administration of customs and excise duties in Nigeria. It establishes the Nigeria Customs Service and defines its powers and …
Data Protection Act 2018
The Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA 2018) is the United Kingdom’s data protection legislation, which implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and replaced the Data Protection Act …
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, effective September 2021, establishes a comprehensive legal framework for data security and data governance. The Law applies …
Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act
The Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act consolidates and modernises South Korea’s insolvency framework. Enacted in 2005, the Act provides comprehensive procedures for corporate and …
Defamation Act 2013
The Defamation Act 2013 reformed the law of defamation in England and Wales, introducing a requirement of ‘serious harm’ for a statement to be defamatory and creating new statutory …
Defence Act 1903
The Defence Act 1903 is the principal legislation governing the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the organisation of defence in Australia. The Act establishes the command and control structures of …
Designs Act 2003
The Designs Act 2003 governs the registration and protection of industrial designs in Australia. A design is the overall appearance of a product resulting from its shape, configuration, pattern, or …
Disability Discrimination Act 1992
The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (DDA) prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in various areas of public life, including employment, education, housing, access to premises, …
Divorce Act
The Divorce Act is the federal legislation governing divorce in Canada. Under the Constitution Act, 1867, the federal Parliament has exclusive jurisdiction over marriage and divorce. The Act provides …
Divorce Act 70 of 1979
The Divorce Act governs the dissolution of marriages in South Africa. Enacted in 1979, it replaced the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1939 and establishes the grounds for divorce, including irretrievable …
Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998
The Domestic Violence Act provides comprehensive protection for victims of domestic violence. Enacted in 1998, it defines domestic violence broadly to include physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, …
Drittes Buch — Handelsbücher
This article covers Drittes Buch — Handelsbücher of the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB), the German Commercial Code. This division contains 257 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Erster …
Drittes Buch — Rechtsmittel
This article covers Drittes Buch — Rechtsmittel of the Strafprozessordnung (STPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure. This division contains 72 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure …
Education Act 1996
The Education Act 1996 consolidated various education statutes into a single comprehensive framework for education in England and Wales. The Act defines the structure of the education system, …
Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (ECTA)
The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act provides the legal framework for electronic transactions, digital signatures, and cybersecurity in South Africa. Enacted in 2002, it recognizes the …
Emergencies Act
The Emergencies Act replaced the War Measures Act in 1988, providing a statutory framework for the federal government to respond to four types of national emergencies: public welfare emergencies …
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)
Introduction The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) is the primary federal law governing employer-sponsored retirement plans, health plans, and other employee benefit plans in the …
Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998
The Employment Equity Act (EEA) aims to achieve equality in the workplace by prohibiting unfair discrimination and requiring employers to implement affirmative action measures. Enacted in 1998, it …
Employment Insurance Act
The Employment Insurance Act (EI Act) provides temporary income support to unemployed Canadians who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own and meet eligibility requirements. The Act also …
Employment Rights Act 1996
The Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA 1996) is the principal statute governing individual employment rights in Great Britain. It consolidated earlier legislation including the Employment Protection …
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) is Australia’s principal environmental legislation. The Act establishes a national framework for environmental …
Environmental Protection Act 1990
The Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990) established a comprehensive framework for environmental regulation in England, Wales, and Scotland. Part I introduced Integrated Pollution Control …
Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, originally adopted in 1989 and substantially revised in 2014, is the foundational environmental law in China. The …
Equality Act 2010
The Equality Act 2010 consolidated and harmonised the UK’s anti-discrimination legislation, replacing nine major pieces of primary legislation and over 100 statutory instruments. The Act created …
Erstes Buch — Allgemeine Vorschriften
This article covers Erstes Buch — Allgemeine Vorschriften of the Strafprozessordnung (STPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure. This division contains 261 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). …
Erstes Buch — Handelsstand
This article covers Erstes Buch — Handelsstand of the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB), the German Commercial Code. This division contains 135 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Erster …
Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA)
The Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), enacted as Law No. 8,069 of 1990, is Brazil’s comprehensive child and adolescent rights statute, implementing the Convention on the Rights of the …
Estatuto da Terra (Lei 4,504/1964)
The Estatuto da Terra (Law No. 4,504 of 1964) is Brazil’s foundational land law, establishing the legal framework for land tenure, agrarian reform, and rural property. The law defines different …
Estatuto do Desarmamento (Lei 10,826/2003)
The Estatuto do Desarmamento (Law No. 10,826 of 2003) is Brazil’s firearms and ammunition control statute, enacted to reduce gun violence and illegal firearms possession. The law regulates the …
Estatuto do Idoso (Lei 10,741/2003)
The Estatuto do Idoso, enacted as Law No. 10,741 of 2003, is Brazil’s comprehensive statute protecting the rights of elderly persons (defined as those aged 60 or older). The statute establishes …
EU Competition Law Framework: Articles 101–102 TFEU and Merger Control
EU competition law is the framework of rules prohibiting anticompetitive conduct and ensuring the proper functioning of the internal market. The primary substantive provisions are Article 101 TFEU …
EU Consumer Protection Directives: Rights, Remedies and Enforcement
EU consumer protection law comprises a comprehensive body of directives harmonising the rights of consumers across the internal market. The principal instruments include the Consumer Rights Directive, …
European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (the ‘Great Repeal Act’) was the primary legislation that provided the legal framework for the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European …
Evidence Act 1995 (Cth)
The Evidence Act 1995 established a uniform code of evidence for federal courts and the courts of the Australian Capital Territory. The Act codified the rules of evidence, including the rules about …
Evidence Act 2011
Introduction The Evidence Act 2011 is the principal legislation governing the law of evidence in Nigeria. Enacted to repeal and replace the Evidence Act Cap E14, LFN 2004, the 2011 Act modernized …
Excise Tax Act (GST/HST)
The Excise Tax Act imposes the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) in Canada. The GST is a 5% federal value-added tax on most goods and services supplied in Canada. In …
Family Code of the Russian Federation
Introduction The Family Code of the Russian Federation (Semeyny Kodeks), adopted in 1995, governs marriage, divorce, parental rights, child support, and guardianship in Russia. Marriage and Divorce …
Family Law Act 1975
The Family Law Act 1975 revolutionised Australian family law by introducing no-fault divorce through the single ground of ‘irretrievable breakdown’ of marriage, established by 12 …
Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia Act 2021
The Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia Act 2021 merged the Family Court of Australia and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia into a single court — the Federal Circuit and Family Court of …
Federal Civil Code of Mexico
Introduction The Federal Civil Code (Código Civil Federal, CCF) is the foundational codification of private law in Mexico. Originally enacted in 1928 and effective from 1932, the CCF governs civil …
Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG)
Overview Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of constitutional law. This German statute (BVerfGG) is part of the legal framework governing …
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976
The Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 established the Federal Court of Australia as a superior court of record. The Federal Court replaced the Australian Industrial Court and the Federal Court of …
Federal Courts Act
The Federal Courts Act establishes the Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court, which together form the federal court system of Canada. The Federal Court has original jurisdiction over matters …
Federal Criminal Code of Mexico
Introduction The Federal Criminal Code (Código Penal Federal, CPF) is the principal federal criminal statute in Mexico, enacted in 1931 to replace the Criminal Code of 1871 (the Martínez de Castro …
Federal Data Protection Act (BDSG)
Overview Federal Data Protection Act (BDSG) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of data protection. This German statute (BDSG 2018) is part of the legal framework governing data …
Federal Economic Competition Law of Mexico
Introduction The Federal Economic Competition Law (Ley Federal de Competencia Económica, LFCE) is Mexico’s principal antitrust legislation, enacted in 1992 and substantially reformed in 2014. …
Federal Labor Law of Mexico
Introduction The Federal Labor Law (Ley Federal del Trabajo, LFT) is the principal labor legislation in Mexico, implementing Article 123 of the Constitution. Originally enacted in 1931, the LFT …
Federal Law on the Protection of Personal Data Held by Private Parties
Introduction The Federal Law on the Protection of Personal Data Held by Private Parties (Ley Federal de Protección de Datos Personales en Posesión de los Particulares, LFPDPPP) is Mexico’s …
Federal Lawyers' Act (BRAO)
Overview The Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnung (BRAO) is the German Federal Lawyers’ Act, the primary statute regulating the legal profession. It governs admission to the bar, the rights and duties of …
Federal Nature Conservation Act (BNatSchG)
Overview The Bundesnaturschutzgesetz (BNatSchG) is the German Federal Nature Conservation Act, the core statute for nature conservation and landscape management. It regulates the protection of …
Federal Notary Act (BNotO)
Overview The Bundesnotarordnung (BNotO) is the German Federal Notary Act, regulating the notarial profession. It governs the appointment, powers, and duties of notaries, who perform functions …
Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA)
The Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA) governs the regulation of securities markets and financial instruments in Japan. Enacted in 2006, the FIEA consolidated and modernised previous …
Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act
The Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act governs the regulation of securities markets and financial instruments in South Korea. Enacted in 2007, the Act consolidated and modernised …
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
Introduction The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978, codified at 50 USC §§ 1801-1885c, establishes the legal framework for electronic surveillance and physical searches for foreign …
Framework Act on Education (Gyoyuk Gibon Beop)
The Framework Act on Education (Gyoyuk Gibon Beop) establishes the basic principles and framework for the education system in South Korea. Enacted in 1997, the Act defines the purposes of education, …
Freedom of Information Act 2000
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) created a statutory right of access to information held by public authorities in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The Act implemented a 1997 White Paper …
Freedom of Information Act, 2011
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) establishes the right of access to information held by public institutions in Nigeria. Enacted in 2011 after over a decade of advocacy, it provides for the …
French Administrative Law Codes: Codification of Public Law
French administrative law represents a distinct legal tradition founded on the principle that disputes involving public authorities are subject to special rules administered by separate administrative …
French Code of Administrative Justice (Code de Justice Administrative)
The Code de Justice Administrative The Code de justice administrative (CJA) codifies the procedural rules governing litigation before the French administrative courts. Created by the loi du 8 février …
Fünftes Buch — Beteiligung des Verletzten am Verfahren
This article covers Fünftes Buch — Beteiligung des Verletzten am Verfahren of the Strafprozessordnung (STPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure. This division contains 54 structural units (sections, …
Fünftes Buch — Seehandel
This article covers Fünftes Buch — Seehandel of the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB), the German Commercial Code. This division contains 164 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure Erster …
General Data Protection Law of 2018 (LGPD)
Introduction The General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, LGPD, Law 13.709/2018) is Brazil’s comprehensive data protection framework. Approved on August 14, 2018, …
German Civil Code (BGB)
Overview The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) is the core codification of German private law. Enacted in 1896 and effective from 1 January 1900, it consists of five books: General Part (Allgemeiner …
German Commercial Code (HGB)
Overview German Commercial Code (HGB) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of commercial law. This German statute (HGB) is part of the legal framework governing commercial law. German …
German Criminal Code (StGB)
Overview The Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) is the principal criminal code of Germany. It defines criminal offenses and their penalties, structured into a General Part (Allgemeiner Teil) covering fundamental …
German Limited Liability Company Act (GmbHG)
Overview The GmbH-Gesetz (GmbHG) regulates limited liability companies (Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung, GmbH) in Germany, covering formation with minimum capital of EUR 25,000, shareholder …
German Stock Corporation Act (AktG)
Overview The Aktiengesetz (AktG) regulates stock corporations (Aktiengesellschaften, AG) in Germany, covering formation, organization (management board, supervisory board, general meeting), shares, …
Government of Wales Act 1998
The Government of Wales Act 1998 established the National Assembly for Wales following the 1997 devolution referendum in which 50.3% of Welsh voters approved. Unlike the Scottish Parliament, the …
Health Insurance Act (Kenkō Hoken Hō)
The Health Insurance Act (Kenkō Hoken Hō) establishes the framework for employee health insurance in Japan. Originally enacted in 1922 and substantially revised multiple times, the Act provides health …
High Court of Australia Act 1979
The High Court of Australia Act 1979 established the High Court as an independent institution separate from the federal executive government. The Act gave the Court administrative autonomy, …
Higher Education Act (Godeung Gyoyuk Beop)
The Higher Education Act (Godeung Gyoyuk Beop) governs the establishment and operation of universities, colleges, and other higher education institutions in South Korea. Enacted in 1998, the Act …
Higher Education and Research Act 2017
The Higher Education and Research Act 2017 (HERA 2017) introduced the most significant reforms to higher education in England since the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. The Act established the …
House of Lords Act 1999
The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords, ending centuries of hereditary membership of the upper chamber. The Act was a …
Human Rights Act 1998
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) is a constitutional statute of the highest importance. It incorporated into UK domestic law the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the European Convention on Human …
Immigration Act (Chulipguk Gwalli Beop)
The Immigration Act (Chulipguk Gwalli Beop) governs the entry, stay, and departure of foreign nationals in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1961, the Act has been significantly amended to address …
Immigration Act 13 of 2002
The Immigration Act governs the entry, residence, and departure of foreign nationals in South Africa. Enacted in 2002, it replaced the Aliens Control Act of 1991 and provides the modern legal …
Immigration Act 1971
The Immigration Act 1971 is the foundational statute of UK immigration law, establishing the framework for immigration control that has been built upon by subsequent legislation. The Act created the …
Immigration Act, 2015
The Immigration Act governs the entry, residence, and departure of foreign nationals in Nigeria. Enacted in 2015, it replaced the Immigration Act of 1963 and provides the modern legal framework for …
Immigration and Nationality Act
Introduction The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), codified at 8 U.S.C., is the primary body of federal immigration law in the United States. The INA governs the admission, stay, and removal of …
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) is Canada’s primary immigration and refugee legislation, enacted in 2001 to replace the Immigration Act 1976. IRPA establishes the legal …
Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act
The Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act governs the entry, stay, and departure of foreign nationals in Japan. Originally enacted in 1951, the Act has been amended numerous times to address …
Income Tax Act
The Income Tax Act (ITA) is Canada’s primary statute governing the imposition and collection of income tax. The Act applies to both individuals and corporations resident in Canada (taxed on …
Income Tax Act (EStG)
Overview The Einkommensteuergesetz (EStG) is the German Income Tax Act, the principal statute governing the taxation of individual income. It defines categories of taxable income (including …
Income Tax Act (Shotokuzei Hō)
The Income Tax Act (Shotokuzei Hō) governs the taxation of individual income in Japan. Enacted in 1965, the Act establishes the framework for calculating taxable income, tax rates, deductions, and …
Income Tax Act (Sodeuk Sebeop)
The Income Tax Act (Sodeuk Sebeop) governs the taxation of individual income in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1949, the Act establishes a progressive tax system with rates ranging from 6% to 45%. …
Income Tax Act 58 of 1962
The Income Tax Act is South Africa’s principal statute for the taxation of income. Enacted in 1962, it defines taxable income, prescribes tax rates, establishes allowable deductions and …
Income Tax Assessment Act 1997
The Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) is the primary legislation governing the assessment of income tax in Australia, alongside the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936). The 1997 Act …
Indian Act
The Indian Act is the principal statute through which the federal government administers the status, lands, and governance of First Nations in Canada. The Act defines who is an ‘Indian’ …
Industrial Arbitration Panel Act
The Industrial Arbitration Panel (IAP) Act establishes the Industrial Arbitration Panel as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism for industrial disputes in Nigeria. The Panel provides a faster …
Insolvency Act 1986
The Insolvency Act 1986 consolidated the law relating to corporate and personal insolvency in England and Wales. The Act governs the administration of insolvent companies, including liquidation (both …
Insolvency Act 24 of 1936
The Insolvency Act governs the sequestration of the estates of insolvent natural persons in South Africa. Enacted in 1936, it provides for the declaration of insolvency, the administration of …
Insolvency Code (InsO)
Overview Insolvency Code (InsO) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of insolvency. This German statute (InsO) is part of the legal framework governing insolvency. German insolvency law …
Insurance Act 1973
The Insurance Act 1973 regulates the prudential aspects of the general insurance industry in Australia. The Act provides for the licensing of general insurers by APRA, imposes solvency and capital …
Insurance Business Act (Boeom Eopbeop)
The Insurance Business Act (Boeom Eopbeop) governs the regulation of insurance companies in South Korea. Enacted in 1962, the Act establishes licensing requirements, solvency margin requirements, and …
Insurance Business Act (Hoken Gyōmu Hō)
The Insurance Business Act (Hoken Gyōmu Hō) governs the regulation of insurance companies in Japan. Enacted in 1995, the Act consolidates the regulation of life insurance and non-life insurance …
Insurance Companies Act
The Insurance Companies Act governs federally incorporated life insurance and property and casualty insurance companies in Canada. The Act establishes the regulatory framework for the incorporation, …
Insurance Contract Act (VVG)
Overview The Versicherungsvertragsgesetz (VVG) is the German Insurance Contract Act, comprehensively reformed in 2008. It governs the legal relationship between insurers and policyholders, covering …
Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act 28 of 2013
The Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act amended several South African intellectual property statutes including the Patents Act, Trade Marks Act, Copyright Act, and Designs Act. Enacted in 2013, …
Internal Revenue Code
Introduction The Internal Revenue Code (IRC), codified in Title 26 of the United States Code, is the primary body of federal tax law in the United States. Administered by the Internal Revenue Service …
International Criminal Code (VStGB)
Overview The Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB) is the German Code of Crimes against International Law, enacted in 2002 to implement the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It establishes …
Introductory Act to the Civil Code (EGBGB)
Overview The Einführungsgesetz zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuche (EGBGB) is the Introductory Act to the German Civil Code. It contains transitional provisions for the introduction of the BGB in 1900, …
Investigatory Powers Act 2016
The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (IPA 2016) created a comprehensive statutory framework for the use of surveillance and investigatory powers by public authorities in the United Kingdom. The Act …
Investments and Securities Act, 2007
The Investments and Securities Act establishes the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as the apex regulator of Nigeria’s capital market. Enacted in 2007, it governs the regulation of …
Judicial Scrivener Act (Shihō Shoshi Hō)
The Judicial Scrivener Act (Shihō Shoshi Hō) governs the profession of judicial scriveners (shihō shoshi) in Japan. Judicial scriveners are licensed legal professionals who specialise in real estate …
Judiciary Act 1903
The Judiciary Act 1903 established the High Court of Australia and conferred its original and appellate jurisdiction. The Act was one of the first statutes enacted by the Commonwealth Parliament …
Labor Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China, adopted in 1994 and amended several times, governs individual employment relationships and establishes minimum standards for working …
Labour Act, 2004
The Labour Act is the principal legislation governing employment relationships in Nigeria. Originally enacted in 1971 and subsequently consolidated in 2004, it regulates the terms and conditions of …
Labour Code of the Russian Federation
Introduction The Labour Code of the Russian Federation (Trudovoy Kodeks), adopted in 2001, governs individual employment relationships and collective labor rights in Russia. Employment Contracts …
Labour Contracts Act (Rōdō Keiyaku Hō)
The Labour Contracts Act (Rōdō Keiyaku Hō) enacted in 2007 codified and modernised the law governing individual labour contracts in Japan. The Act consolidated and clarified rules on dismissal, …
Labour Standards Act (Geunro Kijun Beop)
The Labour Standards Act (Geunro Kijun Beop) is the principal statute governing minimum employment standards in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1997, the Act establishes minimum standards for …
Labour Standards Act (Rōdō Kijun Hō)
The Labour Standards Act (Rōdō Kijun Hō) is the foundational statute of Japanese labour law, establishing minimum standards for wages, working hours, rest periods, holidays, and working conditions. …
Labour Union Act (Rōdō Kumiai Hō)
The Labour Union Act (Rōdō Kumiai Hō) protects the right of workers to organise and engage in collective bargaining. Enacted in 1949, the Act guarantees the freedom to form and join labour unions, …
Land Code of the Russian Federation
Introduction The Land Code of the Russian Federation (Zemelny Kodeks), adopted in 2001, governs land ownership, use, and transactions in Russia. The Code established the legal framework for private …
Land Use Act, 1978
The Land Use Act is one of the most significant and controversial pieces of legislation in Nigeria. Enacted in 1978, it vests all land in each state in the Governor, who holds it in trust for the use …
Lanham Act (Trademark Law)
Introduction The Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. Chapter 22) is the primary federal law governing trademarks in the United States. The Act provides for the registration, protection, and enforcement of …
Law of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of 1988
The Law of Evidence Amendment Act modernized the law of evidence in South Africa by replacing common law rules with statutory provisions. Enacted in 1988, it addresses admissibility of evidence, …
Law of Property Act 1925
The Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA 1925) was a landmark reforming statute that simplified and modernised English land law, creating the modern system of registered and unregistered conveyancing. Part …
Lawyers' Remuneration Act (RVG)
Overview Das Rechtsanwaltsvergütungsgesetz (RVG) is the German Lawyers’ Remuneration Act, establishing the statutory fee schedule for legal services. It sets out fee structures for out-of-court …
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012
The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) was one of the most controversial criminal justice statutes of recent decades. Part 1 radically reformed the legal aid system in …
Legislation Act 2003
The Legislation Act 2003 established the modern framework for the management, publication, and interpretation of Commonwealth legislation and legislative instruments. The Act replaced most of the Acts …
Lei Anticorrupção e Lavagem de Dinheiro (Lei 9,613/1998)
Law No. 9,613 of 1998 (as amended) established the framework for the prevention and repression of money laundering in Brazil. The law criminalizes the laundering of proceeds from various predicate …
Lei das Sociedades por Ações (Lei 6,385/1976) e Lei do Mercado de Valores
Law No. 6,385 of 1976 established the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM), Brazil’s securities regulator, and set the foundational framework for the regulation of securities markets in Brazil. …
Lei de Arbitragem (Lei 9,307/1996)
Law No. 9,307 of 1996 established Brazil’s modern arbitration framework, providing for the resolution of commercial disputes through arbitration. The law is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law and …
Lei de Crimes Ambientais (Lei 9,605/1998)
Law No. 9,605 of 1998 (Lei dos Crimes Ambientais) establishes criminal and administrative sanctions for environmental offenses in Brazil. The law criminalizes conduct that causes damage to the …
Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação (LDB - Lei 9,394/1996)
The Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB), enacted as Law No. 9,394 of 1996, is Brazil’s national education law establishing the framework for the education system at all levels. …
Lei de Execução Penal (Lei 7,210/1984)
The Lei de Execução Penal (Law No. 7,210 of 1984) governs the enforcement of criminal sentences in Brazil, including imprisonment, semi-open regime, and open regime. The law establishes the purpose of …
Lei de Improbidade Administrativa (Lei 8,429/1992)
Law No. 8,429 of 1992 (Lei de Improbidade Administrativa) governs administrative misconduct by public officials in Brazil. The law defines three types of administrative misconduct: acts causing …
Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro (LINDB)
The Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro (LINDB), originally enacted as Law No. 4,657 of 1942, sets out the foundational rules for the application of Brazilian law. Formerly known as the …
Lei de Investimentos Estrangeiros (Lei 4,598/1964 e Decreto-Lei 1,418/1975)
The legal framework for foreign investment in Brazil was established by Law No. 4,598 of 1964 and Decree-Law No. 1,418 of 1975, and has been progressively modernized. The current framework, …
Lei de Licitações e Contratos Administrativos (Lei 14,133/2021)
Law No. 14,133 of 2021 (Nova Lei de Licitações) replaced the previous procurement law (Law 8,666/1993) and governs public procurement and administrative contracts in Brazil. The law introduced …
Lei de Migração (Lei 13,445/2017)
The Lei de Migração (Law No. 13,445 of 2017) is Brazil’s comprehensive immigration statute, replacing the previous foreigners’ law (Law 6,815/1980). The law establishes the rights of …
Lei de Propriedade Industrial (Lei 9,279/1996)
Law No. 9,279 of 1996 (Lei de Propriedade Industrial) governs industrial property rights in Brazil, including patents, trade marks, industrial designs, and geographical indications. The law …
Lei de Recuperação Judicial e Extrajudicial e Falência (Lei 11,101/2005)
Law No. 11,101 of 2005 established the modern framework for corporate insolvency in Brazil, introducing judicial recovery (recuperação judicial) and extrajudicial recovery (recuperação extrajudicial) …
Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF)
The Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF), enacted by Complementary Law No. 101 of 2000, establishes rules for fiscal responsibility and transparency in public finance management at all levels of …
Lei de Sociedades Anônimas (Lei 6,404/1976)
Lei No. 6,404 of 1976 (Lei das Sociedades Anônimas) is Brazil’s primary statute governing corporations (sociedades anônimas or S.A.s), including both public and closely-held companies. The law …
Lei do Sistema Único de Saúde (Lei 8,080/1990)
Law No. 8,080 of 1990 (Lei Orgânica da Saúde) established the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), Brazil’s universal public health system, implementing the constitutional mandate of health as a right …
Lei Maria da Penha (Lei 11,340/2006)
The Lei Maria da Penha (Law No. 11,340 of 2006) is Brazil’s comprehensive domestic violence law, named after Maria da Penha Maia Fernandes, a pharmacist whose case of domestic violence was not …
Ley Agraria
The Ley Agraria (Agrarian Law) governs the ejido and communal land system in Mexico, reforming the previous 1971 law in response to the 1991 constitutional reform of Article 27. The law regulates the …
Ley de Amparo
The Ley de Amparo (Amparo Law), most recently reformed in 2013, governs the constitutional remedy of amparo in Mexico. Amparo is a unique Mexican legal mechanism that allows individuals to challenge …
Ley de Energía Eléctrica
The Ley de Energía Eléctrica (Electric Energy Law), reformed in 2022, governs the generation, transmission, distribution, and commercialization of electric energy in Mexico. The law establishes the …
Ley de Instituciones de Crédito
The Ley de Instituciones de Crédito (Credit Institutions Law) governs the organization, operation, and supervision of credit institutions (banks) in Mexico. The law establishes the requirements for …
Ley de la Propiedad Industrial
The Ley de la Propiedad Industrial (Industrial Property Law), enacted in 2020, governs the protection of patents, trademarks, industrial designs, and trade secrets in Mexico. The law modernized the …
Ley de Migración
The Ley de Migración (Migration Law), enacted in 2011, governs the entry, stay, transit, and exit of foreign nationals in Mexico. The law establishes the National Institute of Migration (INM) as the …
Ley del Mercado de Valores
The Ley del Mercado de Valores (Securities Market Law) governs the securities market in Mexico, establishing the framework for the issuance, trading, and regulation of securities. The law defines the …
Ley del Seguro Social
The Ley del Seguro Social (Social Security Law) establishes the Mexican social security system, administered by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). The law governs the registration and …
Ley Federal de Protección al Consumidor
The Ley Federal de Protección al Consumidor (Federal Consumer Protection Law) establishes the rights of consumers and the obligations of suppliers of goods and services in Mexico. The law prohibits …
Ley Federal de Telecomunicaciones y Radiodifusión
The Ley Federal de Telecomunicaciones y Radiodifusión (Federal Telecommunications and Broadcasting Law) governs the regulation of telecommunications, broadcasting, and digital services in Mexico. …
Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor
The Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (Federal Copyright Law) governs the protection of literary, artistic, and scientific works in Mexico. The law protects original creative expressions fixed in any …
Ley Federal para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación y la Violencia Intrafamiliar
The Ley Federal para Prevenir y Eliminar la Discriminación y la Violencia Intrafamiliar (Federal Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination and Domestic Violence) establishes the framework for …
Ley General de Bienes Nacionales y Ley Federal de Minas
The Ley Federal de Minas (Federal Mining Law) governs the exploration, extraction, and commercialization of mineral resources in Mexico. The law establishes the legal framework for mining concessions, …
Ley General de Desarrollo Forestal Sustentable
The Ley General de Desarrollo Forestal Sustentable (General Forestry Law) establishes the framework for the sustainable management, conservation, and restoration of forest resources in Mexico. The law …
Ley General de Educación
The Ley General de Educación (General Education Law), reformed in 2019, establishes the framework for the national education system in Mexico. The law defines education as a right of all persons and a …
Ley General de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes
The Ley General de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes (General Law on the Rights of Children and Adolescents) is Mexico’s comprehensive children’s rights statute, implementing the …
Ley General de Salud
The Ley General de Salud (General Health Law) is Mexico’s primary health legislation, establishing the framework for the national health system and the regulation of health services. The law …
Ley General de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública
The Ley General de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública (General Transparency and Public Information Access Law) establishes the right of all persons to access public information held by …
Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente
The Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente (LGEEPA, General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection) is Mexico’s foundational environmental legislation. …
Ley Nacional de Mecanismos Alternativos de Solución de Controversias
The Ley Nacional de Mecanismos Alternativos de Solución de Controversias (National Law on Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms) establishes the legal framework for mediation, conciliation, and …
Life Insurance Act 1995
The Life Insurance Act 1995 regulates the prudential aspects of the life insurance industry in Australia. The Act provides for the licensing of life insurance companies by APRA, imposes capital …
Local Autonomy Act (Jibang Jachi Beop)
The Local Autonomy Act (Jibang Jachi Beop) establishes the framework for local self-government in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1949, the Act has been significantly amended to strengthen local …
Local Government Act 1972
The Local Government Act 1972 reorganised the structure of local government in England and Wales, creating the modern two-tier system of counties and districts. The Act abolished a complex patchwork …
Loi pour une Republique Numerique (Digital Republic Act)
Introduction The Loi pour une Republique Numerique (Digital Republic Act) of 2016 is a landmark French law addressing digital rights, data protection, and internet governance. The law modernizes …
Long-term Care Insurance Act (Kaigo Hoken Hō)
The Long-term Care Insurance Act (Kaigo Hoken Hō) established Japan’s social insurance system for funding long-term care for the elderly and disabled. Enacted in 1997 and implemented in 2000, …
Magna Carta's Enduring Legacy in UK Law
Magna Carta, sealed by King John at Runnymede on 15 June 1215, is the most celebrated document in English legal history. Although most of its provisions have been repealed, its symbolic force as a …
Marco Civil da Internet of 2014
Introduction The Marco Civil da Internet (Law 12.965/2014) is Brazil’s internet regulatory framework, often described as the Internet Constitution or Internet Bill of Rights. Enacted on April …
Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 introduced same-sex marriage in England and Wales, making it lawful for same-sex couples to marry in civil ceremonies and in religious ceremonies where the …
Marriage Act 1961
The Marriage Act 1961 is the principal legislation governing the solemnisation and recognition of marriages in Australia. The Act establishes the legal requirements for a valid marriage, including the …
Marriage Act 25 of 1961
The Marriage Act governs the solemnization and registration of civil marriages in South Africa. Enacted in 1961, it prescribes the requirements for a valid civil marriage, including notice, capacity, …
Marriage Act, 1914
The Marriage Act is the earliest codified statute governing the celebration of marriages in Nigeria. Enacted in 1914 during the colonial period, it provides the legal framework for the solemnization …
Matrimonial Causes Act, 1970
The Matrimonial Causes Act is the principal legislation governing dissolution of marriages, separation, and related matrimonial relief in Nigeria. Enacted in 1970, it applies to Christian and civil …
Medical Care Act (Iryō Hō)
The Medical Care Act (Iryō Hō) governs the provision of medical services in Japan. Enacted in 1948, the Act establishes the framework for hospitals, clinics, medical practitioners, and medical care …
Medical Service Act (Uiryo Beop)
The Medical Service Act (Uiryo Beop) governs the provision of medical services in South Korea. Enacted in 1973, the Act establishes the framework for hospitals, clinics, medical practitioners, and …
Medicines Act (AMG)
Overview The Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) is the German Medicines Act, regulating the manufacturing, marketing, prescription, and pharmacovigilance of medicinal products. It governs drug approval by the …
Mental Health Act 1983
The Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA 1983) provides the legal framework for the compulsory admission, detention, and treatment of people with mental disorders in England and Wales. The Act replaced the …
Migration Act 1958
The Migration Act 1958 is the principal legislation governing the entry, stay, and removal of non-citizens in Australia. The Act establishes the visa system, under which non-citizens must hold a valid …
Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002
The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) provides for the management of South Africa’s mineral and petroleum resources. Enacted in 2002, it vested the custodianship of all …
Modern Slavery Act 2015
The Modern Slavery Act 2015 consolidated and strengthened the law on slavery, servitude, forced labour, and human trafficking in England and Wales. The Act created a single consolidated offence of …
Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act, 2011
The Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act provides the legal framework for the prevention and suppression of money laundering in Nigeria. Enacted in 2011, it criminalizes the conversion or transfer of …
Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA) of South Korea
Introduction The Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (MRFTA, 독점규제 및 공정거래에 관한 법률) , enacted in 1980 and comprehensively revised over four decades, is South Korea’s primary competition and …
Municipal Finance Management Act 56 of 2003
The Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) regulates financial management at the municipal (local government) level. Enacted in 2003, it complements the PFMA by establishing the framework for …
National Credit Act 34 of 2005
The National Credit Act (NCA) regulates the South African credit industry and provides for the protection of consumers in credit transactions. Enacted in 2005, it establishes the National Credit …
National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013
The National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013 (NDIS Act) established the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), Australia’s landmark reform of disability support. The NDIS provides …
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Act
The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) Act establishes the Agency responsible for eliminating the growing, manufacturing, processing, and trafficking of controlled substances in Nigeria. …
National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA)
The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) provides the framework for environmental governance in South Africa. Enacted in 1998, it establishes the principles of environmental management, …
National Environmental Policy Act
Introduction The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), enacted in 1970, is a foundational environmental law that requires federal agencies to assess the environmental impacts of their proposed …
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act
The NESREA Act establishes the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency responsible for enforcing Nigeria’s environmental laws and regulations. The Agency sets and …
National Health Act 1953
The National Health Act 1953 is the principal legislation governing the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and the regulation of pharmaceuticals in Australia. The PBS, established under the Act, …
National Health Act 61 of 2003
The National Health Act provides for the establishment and governance of the national health system in South Africa. Enacted in 2003, it addresses the rights and responsibilities of patients, the …
National Health Insurance Act (Gungmin Geongang Boheom Beop)
The National Health Insurance Act governs South Korea’s national health insurance system. The Act established the framework for universal health coverage, covering all residents through a …
National Health Insurance Scheme Act, 1999
The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) Act establishes a scheme to provide health insurance for all Nigerian residents. Enacted in 1999, it creates a framework for the provision of affordable …
National Health Service Act 2006
The National Health Service Act 2006 consolidated previous NHS legislation, providing the statutory framework for the National Health Service in England. The Act codified the Secretary of …
National Identity Management Commission Act, 2007
The National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) Act establishes the Commission responsible for the creation and management of Nigeria’s national identity database and the issuance of the …
National Water Act 36 of 1998
The National Water Act provides for the management and protection of water resources in South Africa. Enacted in 1998, it established the National Water Resource Strategy and created a licensing …
Nationality Act (Gukjeokbeop)
The Nationality Act (Gukjeokbeop) governs the acquisition and loss of South Korean nationality. Enacted in 1948, the Act establishes the principles for acquiring nationality by birth, naturalisation, …
Nationality Act (Kokuseki Hō)
The Nationality Act (Kokuseki Hō) governs the acquisition and loss of Japanese nationality. Enacted in 1950, the Act establishes the principles of jus sanguinis (citizenship by descent) as the primary …
Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 was a major immigration reform statute that introduced significant changes to UK immigration and nationality law. The Act tightened the asylum system, …
Native Title Act 1993
The Native Title Act 1993 (NTA) established the legal framework for the recognition and protection of native title in Australia, following the High Court’s landmark decision in Mabo v Queensland …
Niger Delta Development Commission (Establishment) Act
The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) Act establishes the Commission as a federal agency responsible for the rapid, sustainable, and even development of the Niger Delta region. The Act …
Nigerian Citizenship Act
The Nigerian Citizenship Act defines the categories of Nigerian citizenship, the requirements for acquisition of citizenship, and the conditions under which citizenship may be renounced or forfeited. …
Nigerian Communications Act, 2003
The Nigerian Communications Act establishes the regulatory framework for the Nigerian communications industry, including telecommunications, broadcasting, and postal services. Enacted in 2003, it …
Northern Ireland Act 1998
The Northern Ireland Act 1998 gave legislative effect to the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement of 10 April 1998, following its approval by referendums in Northern Ireland (71.1% in favour) and the …
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Introduction The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) establishes workplace safety and health standards in the United States. The Act created the Occupational Safety and Health …
Occupiers' Liability Act 1957
The Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 codified the duty of care owed by occupiers of premises to their lawful visitors in English and Welsh tort law. The Act replaced the common law distinction …
Offences against the Person Act 1861
The Offences against the Person Act 1861 (OAPA 1861) is a consolidating statute that codified the law of non-fatal offences against the person, as well as certain homicide-related offences. Despite …
Official Languages Act
The Official Languages Act (OLA) establishes English and French as the official languages of Canada and guarantees the equal status of both languages in all federal institutions. The Act requires …
Oil Pipelines Act
The Oil Pipelines Act regulates the construction, maintenance, and operation of oil pipelines in Nigeria. Originally enacted in 1956, it provides the licensing framework for pipeline operators and …
Old Age Security Act
The Old Age Security (OAS) Act provides a non-contributory, universal pension to Canadians aged 65 and older who meet residence requirements. Unlike the CPP, OAS is funded from general government …
PAIA and POPIA: Access to Information and Data Protection
Introduction The Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 (PAIA) and the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (POPIA) are complementary statutes that give effect to constitutional …
Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
The Parliament Act 1911, amended by the Parliament Act 1949, fundamentally reformed the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The 1911 Act removed the Lords’ power to …
Partnership Act (PartGG)
Overview Partnership Act (PartGG) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of corporate law. This German statute (PartGG) is part of the legal framework governing corporate law. German …
Partnership Act 1890
The Partnership Act 1890 codified the law of partnership in the United Kingdom, defining a partnership as ’the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a …
Patent Act
The Patent Act governs the grant and enforcement of patents in Canada. A patent is a grant of exclusive right to prevent others from making, using, or selling an invention for up to 20 years from the …
Patent Act (PatG)
Overview The Patentgesetz (PatG) is the German Patent Act, governing the grant and enforcement of patents for technical inventions. Patents are granted by the German Patent and Trade Mark Office …
Patent Act (Teukheobeop)
The Patent Act (Teukheobeop) governs the grant and protection of patents in South Korea. Enacted in 1961, the Act establishes the requirements for patentability (novelty, inventive step, industrial …
Patent Act (Tokkyohō)
The Patent Act (Tokkyohō) governs the grant and protection of patents in Japan. Enacted in 1959, the Act establishes the requirements for patentability (novelty, inventive step, industrial …
Patents Act 1977
The Patents Act 1977 is the principal patent legislation in the United Kingdom. It was enacted to align UK patent law with the European Patent Convention (EPC) and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). …
Patents Act 1990
The Patents Act 1990 governs the grant and enforcement of patents in Australia. The Act provides for two types of patents: standard patents (for inventions that are novel, involve an inventive step, …
Patents Act 57 of 1978
The Patents Act governs the grant and protection of patents in South Africa. Enacted in 1978, it defines patentable inventions, the requirements for patentability, the application and grant process, …
Patents and Designs Act, 1970
The Patents and Designs Act governs the registration and protection of inventions and industrial designs in Nigeria. Enacted in 1970, it provides the framework for the grant of patents for new …
Penal Code (Northern States) Federal Provisions Act, 1960
The Penal Code (Northern States) Federal Provisions Act applies primarily to the Northern States of Nigeria. Enacted in 1960 shortly after independence, it codified the criminal law in a framework …
Pension Funds Act 24 of 1956
The Pension Funds Act regulates pension funds in South Africa. Enacted in 1956, it establishes the framework for the registration, governance, and supervision of pension funds, retirement annuity …
Personal Income Tax Act, 2004
The Personal Income Tax Act (PITA) governs the taxation of individuals, partnerships, and executors in Nigeria. It defines taxable income, prescribes tax rates, establishes allowable reliefs and …
Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA) of South Korea
Introduction The Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA, 개인정보 보호법) , enacted in 2011 and substantially amended in 2023, is South Korea’s comprehensive data protection statute. PIPA applies to …
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA)
Legislative Framework and Scope The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, SC 2000, c 5 (PIPEDA), is Canada’s federal private-sector privacy law, governing the collection, …
Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) of the People’s Republic of China, effective November 2021, is China’s comprehensive data privacy law. PIPL establishes rules …
Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021
Introduction The Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021 is the most comprehensive legislation ever enacted to govern the Nigerian petroleum industry. Signed into law on 16 August 2021, the PIA repealed and …
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) established the statutory framework for police powers in England and Wales, replacing a patchwork of common law and statutory powers. PACE was enacted …
Privacy Act
The Privacy Act protects the privacy of individuals with respect to personal information held by federal government institutions. The Act gives individuals the right of access to their own personal …
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA) created a comprehensive statutory framework for the confiscation of criminal assets and the recovery of the proceeds of unlawful conduct. The Act established the …
Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 (PAIA)
The Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) implements the constitutional right of access to information held by public and private bodies. Enacted in 2000, it gives effect to section 32 of the …
Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (PAJA)
The Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA) gives effect to the constitutional right to administrative action that is lawful, reasonable, and procedurally fair. Enacted in 2000, it establishes …
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000
The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (PEPUDA) gives effect to the constitutional prohibition on unfair discrimination. Enacted in 2000, it prohibits unfair …
Property and Conveyancing Law
The Property and Conveyancing Law governs the transfer of interests in land in Southern Nigeria. Enacted in 1959 in what was then Western Nigeria, it simplified the law of conveyancing and provided …
Public Finance Management Act 1 of 1999
The Public Finance Management Act (PFMA) regulates financial management in national and provincial government. Enacted in 1999, it establishes the framework for budgeting, expenditure management, and …
Public Official Election Act (Gongjik Seongeo Beop)
The Public Official Election Act (Gongjik Seongeo Beop) governs the conduct of elections for public officials in South Korea. Enacted in 1994, the Act establishes the framework for voter registration, …
Racial Discrimination Act 1975
The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (RDA) was Australia’s first federal anti-discrimination legislation, giving effect to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial …
Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998
The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act recognizes and regulates customary marriages in South Africa. Enacted in 1998, it gives legal force to customary marriages concluded in accordance with the …
Regulation of Interception of Communications Act 70 of 2002 (RICA)
The Regulation of Interception of Communications Act (RICA) regulates the interception of communications and the monitoring of communications in South Africa. Enacted in 2002, it provides for the …
Residence Act (AufenthG)
Overview The Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) is the German Residence Act, the primary statute regulating the entry, residence, and integration of foreign nationals in Germany. It governs visa …
RICO
Introduction The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) , enacted as Title IX of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 and codified at 18 USC §§ 1961-1968, is a federal statute …
Sale of Goods Act 1979
The Sale of Goods Act 1979 is a consolidating statute that codified the law relating to the sale of goods in the United Kingdom. It replaced the Sale of Goods Act 1893, which had codified the common …
Scotland Act 1998
The Scotland Act 1998 established the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive (now the Scottish Government), devolving significant legislative and executive powers from the UK Parliament to …
Sechstes Buch — Besondere Arten des Verfahrens
This article covers Sechstes Buch — Besondere Arten des Verfahrens of the Strafprozessordnung (STPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure. This division contains 44 structural units (sections, titles, …
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Introduction The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates securities markets and securities transactions in the United States. The Act established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to …
Securities Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Securities Law of the People’s Republic of China governs securities issuance and trading in China. The Law was substantially revised in 2019 to strengthen investor protection …
Securities Trading Act (WpHG)
Overview The Wertpapierhandelsgesetz (WpHG) is the German Securities Trading Act, implementing EU financial markets regulation including MiFID II/MiFIR. It governs conduct of business rules for …
Sex Discrimination Act 1984
The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (SDA) prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, intersex status, marital status, relationship status, pregnancy, and …
Sexual Offences Act 2003
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 comprehensively reformed the law of sexual offences in England and Wales, replacing the Sexual Offences Act 1956 and other outdated legislation. The Act was based on the …
Sherman Antitrust Act
Overview of the Sherman Antitrust Act The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 is the foundational federal antitrust statute in the United States. Enacted in response to growing public concern over the …
Siebentes Buch — Strafvollstreckung und Kosten des Verfahrens
This article covers Siebentes Buch — Strafvollstreckung und Kosten des Verfahrens of the Strafprozessordnung (STPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure. This division contains 66 structural units …
Social Code Book I (SGB I)
Overview The Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Erstes Buch (I) – Allgemeiner Teil is Book I of the German Social Code, containing the general principles and structural provisions that apply across all books of …
Social Code Book II (SGB II)
Overview The Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Zweites Buch (II) – Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende is Book II of the German Social Code, governing basic income support for jobseekers. Introduced by the Hartz …
Social Code Book III (SGB III)
Overview Social Code Book III (SGB III) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of social law. This German statute (SGB 3) is part of the legal framework governing social law. German social …
Social Code Book V (SGB V)
Overview Social Code Book V (SGB V) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of social law. This German statute (SGB 5) is part of the legal framework governing social law. German social law …
Social Code Book VI (SGB VI)
Overview The Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Sechstes Buch (VI) – Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung is Book VI of the German Social Code, governing the statutory pension insurance system. It provides old-age …
Social Code Book VIII (SGB VIII)
Overview The Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Achtes Buch (VIII) – Kinder- und Jugendhilfe is Book VIII of the German Social Code, governing child and youth welfare services. It establishes the legal framework …
Social Code Book XI (SGB XI)
Overview The Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Elftes Buch (XI) – Soziale Pflegeversicherung is Book XI of the German Social Code, establishing the statutory long-term care insurance system as a branch of social …
Social Code Book XII (SGB XII)
Overview The Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Zwölftes Buch (XII) – Sozialhilfe is Book XII of the German Social Code, governing social assistance as the last resort safety net of the German welfare system. It …
Social Security Act
Introduction The Social Security Act of 1935 established the social insurance system in the United States, including Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) and the Supplemental Security …
Social Security Act 1991
The Social Security Act 1991 is the principal legislation governing Australia’s social security system. The Act provides for income support payments to individuals and families, including the …
South African Citizenship Act 88 of 1995
The South African Citizenship Act defines the categories of South African citizenship, the requirements for acquisition, and the conditions for loss of citizenship. Enacted in 1995, it provides for …
Species at Risk Act
The Species at Risk Act (SARA) is Canada’s federal legislation for the protection of endangered and threatened species and their critical habitats. The Act establishes the Committee on the …
Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993
The Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (SIS Act) is the principal legislation regulating the superannuation industry in Australia. The Act establishes the legal framework for the operation …
Supreme Court Act
The Supreme Court Act establishes the Supreme Court of Canada as the final court of appeal for all legal matters in Canada. The Act provides for the Court’s composition of nine justices (the …
Tax and Levies (Approved List for Collection) Act
The Tax and Levies Act provides a framework for the collection of taxes and levies by federal, state, and local governments in Nigeria. The Act prescribes the taxes and levies that each tier of …
Tax Code of the Russian Federation
Introduction The Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Nalogovy Kodeks) governs the Russian tax system. Part One establishes general principles, taxpayer rights, and enforcement. Part Two addresses …
Tax Court of Canada Act
The Tax Court of Canada Act establishes the Tax Court of Canada as a superior court of record specializing in tax matters. The Court hears appeals from assessments under the Income Tax Act, the Excise …
Taxation Administration Act 1953
The Taxation Administration Act 1953 (TAA 1953) establishes the administrative framework for Commonwealth taxation, including the powers of the Commissioner of Taxation, the obligations of taxpayers, …
Telecommunications Act
The Telecommunications Act is the primary legislation governing telecommunications in Canada. The Act establishes the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) as the federal …
Telecommunications Business Act (Jeontong Saeop Beop)
The Telecommunications Business Act (Jeontong Saeop Beop) governs the regulation of telecommunications businesses in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1991, the Act establishes the framework for …
Terrorism Act 2000
The Terrorism Act 2000 created a permanent, comprehensive legislative framework for combating terrorism in the United Kingdom, replacing temporary emergency legislation specific to Northern Ireland. …
The 2019 Foreign Investment Law
The Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国外商投资法) was adopted on 15 March 2019 and entered into force on 1 January 2020. It replaced the three existing laws governing …
The 2020 Civil Code of the PRC
The 2020 Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is the first unified civil code in PRC history. Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on 28 May …
The 2020 Constitutional Amendments
The 2020 constitutional amendments represent the most comprehensive revision of the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. Approved by referendum in July 2020, the amendments restructured …
The Bill of Rights 1689
The Bill of Rights 1689 (formally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown) is a landmark constitutional statute. It emerged from the Glorious …
The Children Act 1989
Introduction The Children Act 1989 is the principal legislation governing the care, upbringing, and protection of children in England and Wales. The Act consolidated and reformed the law relating to …
The Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (2020)
The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, adopted on 28 May 2020 and effective from 1 January 2021, is the first unified civil code in the history of the People’s Republic. It …
The Civil Code of the PRC (2020): Structure and Significance
The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Minfa Dian, 中华人民共和国民法典), effective 1 January 2021, is the most significant legislative achievement in modern Chinese …
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Гражданский кодекс РФ) is the fundamental codification of Russian private law. Enacted in four parts between 1994 and 2006, it replaced the Soviet civil codes …
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Grazhdansky Kodeks RF)
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Grazhdansky Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii, GK RF) is the principal source of Russian private law and one of the most significant legal achievements of the …
The Civil Execution Act (Japan)
Introduction The Civil Execution Act (Minji Shikkō Hō, Act No. 4 of 1979, effective 1 October 1980) is Japan’s comprehensive statute governing the enforcement of civil judgments and other …
The Code of Criminal Procedure (Japan)
Introduction The Code of Criminal Procedure (Keiji Soshō Hō, Act No. 131 of 1948, effective 1 January 1949) is Japan’s primary procedural statute for the investigation, prosecution, trial, and …
The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 — Overview
Introduction The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (63 & 64 Vict, c 12) is the supreme law of the Commonwealth of Australia. Enacted as an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament, it …
The Companies Act 71 of 2008
Introduction The Companies Act 71 of 2008 is the primary legislation governing company law in South Africa. Effective from 1 May 2011, the Act replaced the Companies Act 61 of 1973. The 2008 Act …
The Companies Act of Japan — Overview
Introduction The Companies Act (Kaisha Hō, Act No. 86 of 2005, effective 1 May 2006) is Japan’s primary corporate statute. It consolidated and modernised the corporate provisions formerly …
The Competition Act (Canada)
Historical Evolution The Competition Act, RSC 1985, c C-34, is Canada’s federal antitrust and consumer protection statute. Its origins lie in An Act for the Prevention and Suppression of …
The Competition Act 89 of 1998
Introduction The Competition Act 89 of 1998 is the primary legislation governing competition law in South Africa. The Act prohibits restrictive practices, abuse of dominance, and regulates mergers. It …
The Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) — Overview
Introduction The Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (the CCA) is Australia’s principal competition and consumer protection statute. Originally enacted as the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) …
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
Introduction The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, is the supreme law of the Republic. Adopted by the Constitutional Assembly on 8 May 1996, certified by the Constitutional Court on …
The Constitutional Reform Act 2005
Introduction The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (CRA 2005) was one of the most significant constitutional reforms in UK history. The Act: created the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, replacing the …
The Constitutional Reform Act 2005: Supreme Court Creation and Judicial Independence
The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (CRA) effected the most significant changes to the United Kingdom’s judicial architecture since the Judicature Acts 1873–1875. The Act created the Supreme …
The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (Directive 2024/1760)
The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), formally Directive (EU) 2024/1760, is the European Union’s landmark legislation requiring large companies to identify, prevent, …
The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (Directive 2022/2464)
The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), formally Directive (EU) 2022/2464, is the European Union’s comprehensive framework for corporate sustainability reporting. Adopted on 28 …
The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) — Overview
Introduction The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) is the principal statute regulating corporations and financial markets in Australia. Enacted on 15 July 2001 and effective from 1 January 2002, the Act …
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Уголовный кодекс РФ) was adopted on 24 May 1996 and entered into force on 1 January 1997. It replaced the 1960 Criminal Code of the RSFSR and represents …
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Ugolovny Kodeks RF)
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Ugolovny Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii, UK RF) was adopted on 24 May 1996 and entered into force on 1 January 1997. It replaced the 1960 Criminal Code of …
The Data Governance Act (Regulation 2022/868)
The Data Governance Act (DGA), formally Regulation (EU) 2022/868, is a horizontal instrument of the European Union’s data strategy aimed at increasing trust in data sharing and strengthening …
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen), adopted by the National Assembly on 26 August 1789, is the founding document of French …
The Digital Markets Act (Regulation 2022/1925)
The Digital Markets Act (DMA), formally Regulation (EU) 2022/1925, is the European Union’s ex-ante regulatory framework for large online platforms acting as gatekeepers in digital markets. …
The Digital Services Act (Regulation 2022/2065)
The Digital Services Act (DSA), formally Regulation (EU) 2022/2065, is the European Union’s comprehensive regulatory framework for intermediary services in the digital economy. Adopted on 19 …
The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation 2024/1689)
The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), formally Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, is the world’s first comprehensive horizontal regulatory framework for artificial intelligence. Adopted on 13 …
The European Communities Act 1972 and Its Repeal
Introduction The European Communities Act 1972 (ECA 1972) was the statute that gave effect to the UK’s accession to the European Communities. It provided that EU law had effect in UK domestic …
The Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) — Overview
Introduction The Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (the FW Act) is Australia’s principal workplace relations statute. Enacted by the Rudd Labor Government and effective from 1 July 2009, the Act replaced …
The French Civil Code
The French Civil Code (Code civil), originally enacted in 1804 as the Code Napoléon, is the principal codification of French private law. It governs personal status, property, obligations, and …
The French Civil Code: History, Structure and Global Influence
The French Civil Code (Code civil), promulgated on 21 March 1804 and originally known as the Code Napoléon, is the foundational codification of French private law. It governs legal relations between …
The French Code of Civil Procedure
The French Code of Civil Procedure (Code de procédure civile) governs the conduct of civil litigation in French courts. Enacted in its current form by Decree No. 75-1123 of 5 December 1975, it …
The French Penal Code
The French Penal Code (Code pénal) is the codification of French criminal law. The current Code, known as the Nouveau Code Pénal, entered into force on 1 March 1994, replacing the original 1810 Penal …
The General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation 2016/679)
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), formally Regulation (EU) 2016/679, is the European Union’s comprehensive framework for the protection of natural persons with regard to the …
The General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation EU 2016/679)
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), formally Regulation (EU) 2016/679, is the European Union’s comprehensive legal framework for the protection of natural persons with regard to the …
The Japanese Civil Code — Overview
Introduction The Japanese Civil Code (Minpō, Act No. 89 of 1896; Act No. 9 of 1898) is the foundational instrument of Japanese private law. Modelled principally on the first draft of the German Civil …
The Japanese Penal Code — Overview
Introduction The Penal Code (Keihō, Act No. 45 of 1907, effective 1 October 1908) is Japan’s principal criminal statute. It replaced the “Old Penal Code” (Kyū Keihō) of 1880, which …
The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995
Introduction The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA) is the primary legislation governing labour relations in South Africa. Enacted after the first democratic elections, the LRA replaced the …
The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (Regulation 2023/1114)
The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), formally Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, is the European Union’s comprehensive regulatory framework for crypto-assets, crypto-asset service providers, …
The Pay Transparency Directive (Directive 2023/970)
The Pay Transparency Directive, formally Directive (EU) 2023/970, strengthens the application of the principle of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value between men and women, enshrined in …
The Platform Work Directive (Directive 2024/2831)
The Platform Work Directive, formally Directive (EU) 2024/2831, establishes EU-wide rules improving the working conditions of persons performing platform work. Adopted on 14 October 2024 after …
The Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) and the Australian Privacy Principles
Introduction The Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) is Australia’s principal privacy and data protection statute. Enacted in 1988 and significantly amended in 2000 (to extend the Act to the private sector) …
The Right to Repair Directive (Directive 2024/1799)
The Right to Repair Directive, formally Directive (EU) 2024/1799, establishes a comprehensive framework promoting the repair of goods, reducing waste, and strengthening consumer rights in the context …
The UK Companies Act 2006
The Companies Act 2006 is the primary source of company law in the United Kingdom. It consolidated and reformed the statutory framework for company formation, management, and regulation. At over 1,300 …
The Whistleblower Protection Directive (Directive 2019/1937)
The Whistleblower Protection Directive, formally Directive (EU) 2019/1937, establishes minimum standards for the protection of persons reporting breaches of EU law across the European Union. Adopted …
Theft Act 1968
The Theft Act 1968 comprehensively reformed the law of theft and related offences in England and Wales, replacing the complex and archaic Larceny Act 1916. The Act was based on the recommendations of …
Trade Mark Act (MarkenG)
Overview The Markengesetz (MarkenG) is the German Trade Mark Act, regulating the registration, protection, and enforcement of trade marks, collective marks, and trade names. Protection is acquired …
Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993
The Trade Marks Act governs the registration and protection of trademarks in South Africa. Enacted in 1993, it provides the framework for the registration of marks used in trade or business to …
Trade Marks Act 1994
The Trade Marks Act 1994 comprehensively reformed UK trade mark law, replacing the Trade Marks Act 1938 and implementing the First Council Directive 89/104/EEC to approximate the laws of Member States …
Trade Marks Act 1995
The Trade Marks Act 1995 governs the registration and protection of trade marks in Australia. A trade mark is a sign used to distinguish the goods or services of one trader from those of another. The …
Trade Regulation Act (GewO)
Overview The Gewerbeordnung (GewO) is the German Trade Regulation Act, a foundational statute dating from 1869 that governs the exercise of trades and commercial activities. It establishes the …
Trade Union and Labour Relations Adjustment Act
The Trade Union and Labour Relations Adjustment Act governs collective labour relations in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1997, the Act protects the right to organise and engage in collective …
Trade Unions Act, 2004
The Trade Unions Act governs the registration, regulation, and activities of trade unions in Nigeria. Originally enacted in 1973 and consolidated in 2004, it provides the legal framework for …
Trade-marks Act
The Trade-marks Act governs the registration and protection of trade-marks in Canada. A trade-mark is a sign (word, design, sound, smell, colour, or combination) used to distinguish the goods or …
Trademark Act (Sangpyobeop)
The Trademark Act (Sangpyobeop) governs the registration and protection of trademarks in South Korea. Originally enacted in 1949, the Act has been substantially amended to implement international …
Trademark Act (Shōhyōhō)
The Trademark Act (Shōhyōhō) governs the registration and protection of trademarks in Japan. Enacted in 1959, the Act establishes the requirements for trademark registration, the procedures for …
Trademarks Act, 1965
The Trademarks Act governs the registration and protection of trademarks in Nigeria. Enacted in 1965, it provides the legal framework for the registration of marks used in trade or business to …
Transformation Act (UmwG)
Overview The Umwandlungsgesetz (UmwG) is the German Transformation Act, enacted in 1995 as part of the comprehensive reform of corporate restructuring law. It governs the transformation of business …
Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (TCEA 2007) created a unified tribunal system in the United Kingdom, replacing a fragmented and complex patchwork of over 70 individual tribunals. The …
Unemployment Insurance Act 63 of 2001
The Unemployment Insurance Act provides for the payment of unemployment insurance benefits to workers who become unemployed. Enacted in 2001, it replaced the earlier Unemployment Insurance Act of …
Uniform Commercial Code
Overview of the Uniform Commercial Code The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a comprehensive set of laws governing commercial transactions in the United States. First published in 1952, the UCC was …
Value Added Tax Act, 1993
The Value Added Tax (VAT) Act imposes a tax on the supply of goods and services in Nigeria. Originally enacted in 1993, it provides the legal basis for the collection of VAT by the Federal Inland …
Value-Added Tax Act (Buga Gachise Beop)
The Value-Added Tax Act (Buga Gachise Beop) governs the value-added tax (VAT) system in South Korea. Enacted in 1976, the Act established a broad-based indirect tax on the transfer of goods and …
Value-Added Tax Act 89 of 1991
The Value-Added Tax Act provides for the imposition and collection of value-added tax (VAT) in South Africa. Enacted in 1991, it replaced the General Sales Tax and introduced a comprehensive …
Viertes Buch — Handelsgeschäfte
This article covers Viertes Buch — Handelsgeschäfte of the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB), the German Commercial Code. This division contains 164 structural units (sections, titles, chapters). Structure …
Viertes Buch — Wiederaufnahme eines durch rechtskräftiges Urteil abgeschlossenen Verfahrens
This article covers Viertes Buch — Wiederaufnahme eines durch rechtskräftiges Urteil abgeschlossenen Verfahrens of the Strafprozessordnung (STPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure. This division …
Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2015
The Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP Act) criminalizes various forms of violence against persons, with particular emphasis on gender-based violence. Enacted in 2015, it replaces …
Voting Rights Act
Introduction The Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965, codified at 52 USC §§ 10301-10702, is the most important federal statute protecting the right to vote. The VRA prohibits racial discrimination in …
Whistleblower Protection Act (HinSchG)
Overview Whistleblower Protection Act (HinSchG) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of whistleblowing. This German statute (HinSchG) is part of the legal framework governing …
Work Health and Safety Act 2011
The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (WHS Act) established a nationally consistent framework for work health and safety in Australia, replacing previous state-based occupational health and safety …
Works Constitution Act (ArbGG)
Overview Works Constitution Act (ArbGG) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of labor law. This German statute (ArbGG) is part of the legal framework governing labor law. German labor law …
Works Constitution Act (BetrVG)
Overview Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) is a key piece of German legislation in the area of labor law. This German statute (BetrVG) is part of the legal framework governing labor law. German labor …
Youth Criminal Justice Act
The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) replaced the Young Offenders Act in 2003, governing the prosecution and sentencing of young persons aged 12 to 17 charged with criminal offences. The YCJA is …
Zweites Buch — Handelsgesellschaften und stille Gesellschaft
This article covers Zweites Buch — Handelsgesellschaften und stille Gesellschaft of the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB), the German Commercial Code. This division contains 88 structural units (sections, …
Zweites Buch — Verfahren im ersten Rechtszug
This article covers Zweites Buch — Verfahren im ersten Rechtszug of the Strafprozessordnung (STPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure. This division contains 181 structural units (sections, titles, …