China
All articles tagged with jurisdiction: china
Abuse of Dominance Enforcement in China
Abuse of dominance enforcement under China’s Antimonopoly Law (AML, Articles 17-19) has produced some of the most significant competition law cases in Chinese legal history. Enforcement has …
Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Administrative Litigation Law of the People’s Republic of China governs judicial review of administrative actions. The Law allows individuals and organizations to challenge …
Administrative Permission Under Chinese Law
Administrative permission under Chinese law is governed by the Administrative Permission Law (Xingzheng Xuke Fa, 行政许可法), enacted in 2003 and substantially revised in 2019. The law regulates the system …
Administrative Procedure Under the PRC Administrative Procedure Law
The PRC Administrative Procedure Law (Xingzheng Susong Fa, 行政诉讼法), originally enacted in 1989 and substantially revised in 2014 and 2017, establishes the system of judicial review of administrative …
Administrative Procedure Under the PRC Administrative Procedure Law
Administrative procedure in China encompasses two principal mechanisms for challenging administrative actions: administrative litigation (行政诉讼, xíngzhèng sùsòng) in the people’s courts and …
Algorithmic Regulation in China
China has developed one of the world’s most comprehensive regulatory frameworks for algorithms and artificial intelligence. The regulatory landscape is defined by three principal instruments: …
Anti-Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China (AML), effective August 2008 and amended in 2022, regulates monopolistic conduct, anti-competitive agreements, and mergers in …
China and International Criminal Justice
ICC Non-Membership China is not a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) and does not recognise the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). China …
China's Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL)
The Personal Information Protection Law (Geren Xinxi Baohu Fa, PIPL), effective 1 November 2021, is China’s comprehensive data protection legislation. The PIPL establishes a framework for the …
China's Waste Import Ban
The Guojinling Prohibition China’s waste import ban (guójìn lìng) — the National Sword policy — was announced in July 2017 and fully implemented by January 2018, fundamentally reshaping global …
Chinese Administrative Law
Sources of Chinese Administrative Law Chinese administrative law has developed rapidly since the onset of economic reform and the construction of a legal system (fazhi jianshe) in the 1980s. The field …
Chinese AI Ethics Governance
New Generation AI Governance Principles (2019) China’s AI ethics framework is anchored in the New Generation AI Governance Principles (xīn yīdài rèngōng zhìnéng zhìlǐ yuánzé), issued in June …
Chinese Banking Supervision
Chinese banking supervision has undergone significant institutional reform, culminating in the establishment of the National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) in 2023, which replaced the …
Chinese Civil Procedure System
The Chinese civil procedure system is governed by the Civil Procedure Law (Minshi Susong Fa, 民事诉讼法), originally enacted in 1991 and amended in 2007, 2012, 2017, and 2021. The law establishes the rules …
Chinese Company Law: Corporate Governance and the 2023 Revision
The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国公司法) was first enacted in 1993 and has undergone substantial revisions in 2005, 2013, 2018, and most significantly in 2023 with effect …
Chinese Contract Law
Sources and the 2020 Civil Code Chinese contract law is codified in Book III (Contracts) of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, effective 1 January 2021, comprising Articles 463 to …
Chinese Criminal Law Under the 1997 Criminal Code
The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China is codified in the 1997 Criminal Code, which replaced the 1979 Criminal Code as part of the comprehensive reform of Chinese criminal justice. …
Chinese Criminal Procedure (2018 Revision)
The PRC Criminal Procedure Law (Xingshi Susong Fa, 刑事诉讼法), originally enacted in 1979 and comprehensively revised in 1996, 2012, and 2018, governs the investigation, prosecution, and adjudication of …
Chinese Criminal Punishment System
The Chinese criminal punishment system is established by the Criminal Law (Xing Fa, 刑法), originally enacted in 1979 and comprehensively revised in 1997. The Criminal Law categorizes punishments into …
Chinese Customs and Tariff Law
Customs Law (1987 and 2021 Revision) The Customs Law of the People’s Republic of China (hǎiguān fǎ) was first enacted in 1987 and substantially revised in 2021, taking effect on 1 July 2021. The …
Chinese Drug Administration
Drug Administration Law (2019 Revision) The Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (yàopǐn guǎnlǐ fǎ), substantially revised in 2019 and effective 1 December 2019, is the …
Chinese Electricity Law Reform
The Electricity Law (1996 and 2015 Amendment) The Electricity Law of the People’s Republic of China (diànlì fǎ) was first enacted in 1995 and took effect on 1 April 1996, establishing the legal …
Chinese Export Controls and Trade Sanctions
China’s export control regime was comprehensively reformed by the Export Control Law (Chukou Guanli Fa, 出口管制法), effective 1 December 2020. The Law establishes a unified framework for the control …
Chinese Family Law
Sources of Chinese Family Law Chinese family law is now codified in Book V of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, which entered into force on 1 January 2021. Book V, comprising …
Chinese Inheritance Law
Chinese inheritance law is governed by Book VI (Succession) of the Civil Code (Articles 1119-1162), which replaced the Inheritance Law of 1985. The Civil Code preserved the basic structure of the 1985 …
Chinese International Tax Law
China’s international tax framework is governed by the Corporate Income Tax Law (Qiye Suodeshui Fa, 企业所得税法, 2007, amended 2017) and supplemented by an extensive network of bilateral tax …
Chinese Judicial Reform (2013-2025)
Chinese judicial reform from 2013 to 2025 represents the most comprehensive transformation of the court system since the 1980s. The reform program, initiated at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th …
Chinese Labor Dispute Resolution
Labor Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law The Labor Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China (láodòng zhēngyì tiáojiě zhòngcái fǎ), effective 1 May 2008, …
Chinese Law on Administrative Penalties: Procedure, Reform and Enforcement
The Law on Administrative Penalties of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国行政处罚法, the Administrative Penalties Law) was first enacted in 1996 and substantially revised in 2017 and 2021. It …
Chinese Legal Education and the National Judicial Examination
Legal education in the People’s Republic of China has undergone dramatic expansion and transformation since the resumption of law programmes in the late 1970s following the Cultural Revolution. …
Chinese Legal Terms A-D with Pinyin and Definitions
This glossary defines essential Chinese legal terms with pinyin romanization from A through D, organized alphabetically by pinyin. A Anquan (安全) — Security; safety. A foundational concept in Chinese …
Chinese Legal Terms E-K with Pinyin and Definitions
This glossary defines essential Chinese legal terms with pinyin romanization from E through K, organized alphabetically by pinyin. E Ertong (儿童) — Child; children. The protection of children’s …
Chinese Legal Terms L-P with Pinyin and Definitions
This glossary defines essential Chinese legal terms with pinyin romanization from L through P, organized alphabetically by pinyin. L Laodong (劳动) — Labor; work. The constitutional right and duty of …
Chinese Legal Terms Q-Z with Pinyin and Definitions
This glossary defines essential Chinese legal terms with pinyin romanization from Q through Z, organized alphabetically by pinyin. Q Qiangzhi (强制) — Compulsory; mandatory; forced. Used in legal terms …
Chinese Marital Property Regime
The Chinese marital property regime is governed by Book V (Marriage and Family) of the Civil Code, which replaced the Marriage Law (1980, amended 2001). The regime is based on the principle of …
Chinese Maritime Law (Haishang Fa)
Chinese maritime law is codified in the Maritime Code (Haishang Fa, 海商法), enacted in 1992 and effective 1 July 1993. The Code governs maritime commerce, including carriage of goods by sea, maritime …
Chinese Maritime Safety
Maritime Traffic Safety Law The Maritime Traffic Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China (hǎishàng jiāotōng ānquán fǎ), originally enacted in 1983 and substantially revised in 2021, is the …
Chinese Martial Law and National Security
National Security Law (2015) The National Security Law of the People’s Republic of China (guójiā ānquán fǎ), enacted on 1 July 2015, is the foundational statute of China’s national …
Chinese Merger Control Under the Antimonopoly Law
Chinese merger control under Chapter IV of the Antimonopoly Law (AML) requires mandatory premerger notification for transactions meeting specified turnover thresholds and establishes a multi-phase …
Chinese Mortgage and Security Law
Chinese security law is governed by Book II (Property) of the Civil Code, which dedicates Articles 386-462 to security interests in property (danbao wuquan, 担保物权). The Civil Code’s security …
Chinese Multi-Level Protection Scheme (Dengbao)
The Multi-Level Protection Scheme (dengji baohu zhidu, 等级保护制度), commonly known as dengbao, is China’s mandatory cybersecurity classification and protection framework. Established under the …
Chinese National Carbon Market
Establishment of the National ETS China launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS; quánguó páifàng quán jiāoyì tǐxì) on 16 July 2021, creating the world’s largest carbon market by …
Chinese Online Content Economy Regulation
Livestreaming Regulation China’s livestreaming economy — valued at over ¥1.2 trillion in 2025 — is regulated through a dense framework administered by the Cyberspace Administration of China …
Chinese Patent Litigation
Chinese patent litigation has developed rapidly since the establishment of specialized IP courts in 2014. China is now one of the most active patent litigation jurisdictions in the world, with …
Chinese Permanent Residence and Immigration Law
China’s immigration legal framework is governed by the Exit and Entry Administration Law (Chu Ru Jing Guanli Fa, 出境入境管理法, 2012), which consolidated previous legislation on visas, residence, and …
Chinese Property Law
The Real Rights Law and the Civil Code Chinese property law is codified in the Real Rights Law (Wuquan Fa), adopted on 16 March 2007 after a thirteen-year drafting process involving seven separate …
Chinese Renewable Energy Law and Carbon Neutrality
China’s renewable energy legal framework is anchored by the Renewable Energy Law (Ke Zaisheng Nengyuan Fa, 可再生能源法), enacted in 2005 and amended in 2009. The law established feed-in tariffs, …
Chinese Reorganization Plans
Legal Framework: Enterprise Bankruptcy Law Reorganisation plans in China are governed by Chapter 8 of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of the People’s Republic of China (qǐyè pòchǎn fǎ), effective …
Chinese Securities Enforcement and Investor Protection
Chinese securities enforcement has undergone significant reform since the 2015 stock market crash and the 2019 revision of the Securities Law. The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has …
Chinese Sports Governance
Sports Law (1995, 2022 Revision) The Sports Law of the People’s Republic of China (tǐyù fǎ) was first enacted in 1995 and substantially revised in 2022, taking effect on 1 January 2023. The 2022 …
Chinese Stock Exchanges and Capital Markets
China’s stock exchanges — the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE), the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE), and the Beijing Stock Exchange (BSE) — constitute the world’s second-largest capital market …
Chinese Trademark Law: Registration, Protection, and Enforcement
Chinese trademark law is governed by the Trademark Law (Shangbiao Fa, 商标法), originally enacted in 1982 and subsequently amended in 1993, 2001, 2013, and 2019. The law operates on a first-to-file …
Chinese VAT System
China’s value-added tax (VAT) system is governed by the Interim Regulations on VAT, which were elevated to formal law status through the VAT Law, effective 1 January 2026. The VAT is …
Chinese Visa System
Exit-Entry Law The Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (chūrù jìng guǎnlǐ fǎ), effective 1 July 2013, is the primary legislative framework governing the entry, …
Chinese Water Law
Water Law (2002 and 2016 Amendment) The Water Law of the People’s Republic of China (shuǐ fǎ) was enacted in 2002, replacing the 1988 Water Law, and was amended in 2016. The Law establishes the …
Civil Procedure Under the PRC Civil Procedure Law
Civil procedure in China is governed by the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国民事诉讼法), adopted in 1991 and amended in 2007, 2012, 2017, and 2021. The Law establishes a …
Constitutional Supervision in China: Mechanisms and Practice
Constitutional supervision (xianfa jiandu, 宪法监督) in China operates through mechanisms fundamentally different from judicial review models in Western constitutional systems. Rather than a …
Constitutional Supervision in China: The System of审查 and Review
Constitutional supervision (宪法监督, xiànfǎ jiāndū) in China refers to the mechanisms by which the constitutionality of legal norms and state actions is reviewed and enforced. Unlike many countries with …
Contemporary Chinese Legal Philosophy
Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics The foundational concept of contemporary Chinese legal philosophy is the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics (zhōngguó tèsè shèhuì …
Criminal Evidence in China
Criminal evidence in China is governed by the Criminal Procedure Law and the SPC’s Interpretation on the Application of the Criminal Procedure Law (2021). The Chinese criminal evidence system …
Criminal Procedure Under the PRC Criminal Procedure Law
Criminal procedure in China is governed by the Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法), adopted in 1979 and substantially revised in 1996, 2012, and 2018. The Law …
Cross-Border Insolvency in China
Cross-border insolvency in China is governed by the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law (Qiye Pochan Fa, 企业破产法, 2006), which contains provisions on the recognition and enforcement of foreign insolvency …
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, effective September 2021, establishes a comprehensive legal framework for data security and data governance. The Law applies …
Electronic Evidence in Chinese Civil Procedure
Electronic evidence has become increasingly important in Chinese civil litigation. The 2019 amendment to the Civil Procedure Law formally recognized electronic data as a separate category of evidence, …
Enforcement of Arbitral Awards in China
Domestic vs Foreign Awards Chinese law distinguishes between domestic arbitral awards, foreign-related awards, and foreign awards for enforcement purposes. Domestic awards are rendered by Chinese …
Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, originally adopted in 1989 and substantially revised in 2014, is the foundational environmental law in China. The …
Environmental Public Interest Litigation in China
Environmental public interest litigation (huanjing gongyi susong, 环境公益诉讼) is one of the most significant developments in Chinese procedural law. Introduced through amendments to the Civil Procedure …
Evidence in Chinese Criminal Procedure
Overview of Evidence Law in Chinese Criminal Procedure The law of evidence in Chinese criminal procedure is governed primarily by the Criminal Procedure Law (CPL) , adopted in 1979 and substantially …
Foreign Investment Regulation Under the Foreign Investment Law
The Foreign Investment Law (Waishang Touzi Fa, 外商投资法), effective 1 January 2020, represents the most fundamental reform of China’s foreign investment regime in decades. The Law replaced the …
Fundamental Rights Under the PRC Constitution
Chapter II of the PRC Constitution (Articles 33-56) enumerates the fundamental rights and duties of citizens. This catalogue reflects the socialist constitutional tradition of combining rights with …
International Arbitration in China
China has developed a sophisticated international arbitration regime governed by the Arbitration Law (Zhongcai Fa, 仲裁法, 1994, revised 2017) and supported by major arbitral institutions, including the …
Internet Content Regulation in China
Internet content regulation in China is the most comprehensive system of online content control in the world. The regulatory framework is anchored by the Cybersecurity Law (2017), administered by the …
Judgment Enforcement in China
Judgment enforcement (zhixing, 执行) has historically been the weakest link in China’s civil justice system. The difficulty of enforcing judgments — particularly against recalcitrant debtors, …
Judicial Protection of Human Rights in China
The judicial protection of human rights in China operates through formal legal mechanisms — including the legal aid system, the state compensation scheme, and the criminal procedure safeguards — as …
Key Chinese Legal Terms with Pinyin and Definitions
This glossary defines essential Chinese legal terms with pinyin romanization and contextual explanations for legal practitioners, scholars, and students working with Chinese law. 法律 (fǎlǜ) — Law. A …
Labor Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China, adopted in 1994 and amended several times, governs individual employment relationships and establishes minimum standards for working …
Labor Rights in China
Labor rights in China are governed by a comprehensive legal framework anchored by the Labor Law (Lao Dong Fa, 劳动法, 1994) and the Labor Contract Law (Lao Dong He Tong Fa, 劳动合同法, 2007, amended 2013). …
Landmark Civil Cases in China
Chinese civil litigation has produced several landmark cases that shaped the development of private law, judicial reasoning, and the relationship between courts and commerce. This article examines …
Landmark Commercial Cases in China
China’s commercial law landscape has been shaped by landmark disputes that tested the boundaries of contract enforcement, competition law, and emerging data rights. These cases reflect the …
Lease Contracts Under Chinese Civil Law
Lease contracts in China are governed by Book III (Contracts) of the Civil Code, which dedicates Articles 703-734 to leases (zulin hetong, 租赁合同). The Civil Code preserved the structure of the 1999 …
Legalism and Confucianism in Chinese Legal Tradition
The Chinese legal tradition is shaped by the interaction of two major philosophical schools: Legalism (Fa Jia, 法家) and Confucianism (Ru Jia, 儒家). Legalism emphasized the role of law as an instrument …
Mediation and Alternative Dispute Resolution in China
Overview of Mediation in Chinese Legal Culture Mediation (tiaojie) occupies a central and historically deep-rooted position in the Chinese legal tradition. In Confucian philosophy, litigation was …
Medical Disputes in China
Medical disputes in China are governed by the Civil Code (Book VII, Tort Liability) and the Medical Malpractice Regulation (Yiliao Shigu Chuli Tiaoli). The legal framework addresses: medical damage …
Medical Malpractice in China
Civil Code Provisions on Medical Damage Medical malpractice liability in China is governed by Book VII (Tort Liability) of the Civil Code (Articles 1218–1228), which codified and refined the medical …
Overview of Influential Cases in Chinese Legal Development
Chinese legal development has been shaped by landmark cases that illustrate the evolution of judicial reasoning, the application of law, and the relationship between law and social change. This …
Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) of the People’s Republic of China, effective November 2021, is China’s comprehensive data privacy law. PIPL establishes rules …
Personality Rights in Chinese Tort Law
Civil Code Book IV: Personality Rights The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (mínfǎ diǎn), effective 1 January 2021, introduced Book IV (Personality Rights) as the first dedicated …
PRC Legal Development (1949-2025)
The legal development of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 2025 has followed a dramatic trajectory: from abolition of the existing legal system, through revolutionary legality, legal …
Principles of Chinese Contract Law
Chinese contract law is built on foundational principles that inform the interpretation, performance, and enforcement of contracts. These principles, codified in Book III of the Civil Code, reflect …
Product Liability in China
Product liability in China is governed by the Civil Code (Book VII, Tort Liability) and the Product Quality Law (Chanpin Zhiliang Fa, 产品质量法, 1993, amended 2000, 2009, 2018). The legal framework …
Qi Yaling v. Chen Xiaoqi (2001): The Right to Education and Constitutional Litigation
Qi Yuling (commonly romanized as Qi Yuling) v. Chen Xiaoqi (2001) is the most significant case in Chinese constitutional jurisprudence. It represents the first and only instance in which the Supreme …
Qi Yuling v. Chen Xiaoqi (2001): Constitutional Rights in Private Disputes
Qi Yuling v. Chen Xiaoqi (2001) is a landmark case in Chinese constitutional law. It was the first decision in which the Supreme People’s Court directly applied a constitutional provision to …
Qing Dynasty Legal System: Lü and Li
The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) legal system represents the culmination of imperial Chinese legal development and the foundation for modern Chinese legal reform. The Qing code — the Da Qing Lü Li (Great …
Sale of Goods Contracts in China
Sale of goods contracts (maimai hetong, 买卖合同) are governed by Articles 595-647 of the Civil Code, which substantially reproduce the 1999 Contract Law’s provisions with modest refinements. The …
Securities Law of the People's Republic of China
Introduction The Securities Law of the People’s Republic of China governs securities issuance and trading in China. The Law was substantially revised in 2019 to strengthen investor protection …
Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics
Socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics (中国特色社会主义法治) is the official legal ideology of the People’s Republic of China. It represents the Chinese Communist Party’s approach to …
Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics (Shehui Zhuyi Fazhi)
Socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics (shehui zhuyi fazhi, 社会主义法治) is the official legal ideology of the Chinese Communist Party. It represents a distinct legal philosophy that combines …
Sources of Law in China
The Constitution The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (xiànfǎ) is the supreme legal source in the Chinese legal hierarchy. First adopted in 1954 and substantially revised in 1978 …
Specialized Courts in China
China has developed a network of specialized courts to handle disputes in areas requiring technical expertise, procedural innovation, and consistent adjudication. These courts complement the regular …
Structure of the Chinese Legal System
The legal system of the People’s Republic of China combines civil law tradition with socialist legal principles and Party leadership. It comprises legislative, executive, and judicial organs …
Substantive Chinese Criminal Law
Sources and Development of Chinese Criminal Law The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China was first enacted in 1979 as part of the post-Mao legal reconstruction and was comprehensively …
Supreme People's Court Guiding Cases (Zhidaoxing Anli)
The Supreme People’s Court Guiding Cases system (zhidaoxing anli, 指导性案例) represents China’s most significant experiment with case law methodology within a civil law tradition. Established …
The 2019 Foreign Investment Law
The Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国外商投资法) was adopted on 15 March 2019 and entered into force on 1 January 2020. It replaced the three existing laws governing …
The 2020 Civil Code of the PRC
The 2020 Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is the first unified civil code in PRC history. Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on 28 May …
The Bengbu Intermediate People's Court Procedural Reform (2003-2004)
The Bengbu Intermediate People’s Court procedural reform experiment (2003–2004) represents one of the most ambitious efforts at judicial innovation within the Chinese criminal justice system. …
The Chinese Civil Code and Legal System
The Chinese Civil Code, adopted on 28 May 2020 and effective from 1 January 2021, is the first unified civil code in the history of the People’s Republic of China. It consolidates and replaces …
The Chinese Judiciary
The judicial system of the People’s Republic of China is organised as a unified hierarchy of people’s courts operating under the supreme authority of the Supreme People’s Court. The …
The Chinese Legal Profession
The legal profession in the People’s Republic of China has undergone a remarkable transformation since the initiation of economic reforms and the opening of the legal system in the late 1970s. …
The Chinese Legal Services Market
The Chinese legal services market has experienced remarkable growth over the past two decades, with over 700,000 lawyers practicing in more than 40,000 law firms. The market encompasses state-owned …
The Chinese Social Insurance System
China’s social insurance system, established under the Social Insurance Law (Shehui Baoxian Fa, 社会保法, 2010), provides five categories of insurance: pension, medical, unemployment, work injury, …
The Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (2020)
The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, adopted on 28 May 2020 and effective from 1 January 2021, is the first unified civil code in the history of the People’s Republic. It …
The Civil Code of the PRC (2020): Structure and Significance
The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Minfa Dian, 中华人民共和国民法典), effective 1 January 2021, is the most significant legislative achievement in modern Chinese …
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China
The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China is the supreme legal document of the Chinese legal system. Adopted in 1982, it is the fourth constitution in PRC history, replacing the 1975 …
The First Batch of SPC Guiding Cases (2011-2012): Case Law With Chinese Characteristics
On 26 November 2011, the Supreme People’s Court issued the first batch of Guiding Cases (指导性案例, zhǐdǎo xìng ànlì), marking the formal establishment of a case reference system in Chinese law. The …
The People's Bank of China (PBOC): Central Banking Law
The People’s Bank of China (Zhongguo Renmin Yinhang, PBOC) is the central bank of the People’s Republic of China. Its powers and functions are governed by the Law on the People’s …
The Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics
The legal system of the People’s Republic of China is officially designated as the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics (中国特色社会主义法律体系). This system combines elements of the civil …
The Structure of the Chinese Constitution: State Organs and the Division of Powers
The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, adopted in 1982 and amended five times, establishes a distinctive structure of state power that differs fundamentally from Western …
Types of Companies in China
Limited Liability Company (LLC) The limited liability company (yǒuxiàn zérèn gōngsī) is the most common corporate form in China, governed by the Company Law (gōngsī fǎ). An LLC features a capital …