Clean Air Act

Introduction

The Clean Air Act (CAA), codified at 42 U.S.C. Chapter 85, is the primary federal law regulating air pollution in the United States. Enacted in 1963 and substantially amended in 1970 and 1990, the CAA authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and welfare.

Key Provisions

The EPA sets NAAQS for criteria pollutants including ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and lead. States must develop State Implementation Plans (SIPs) to achieve and maintain these standards. The Act also regulates hazardous air pollutants, acid rain, and ozone-depleting substances.

New Source Review

Major new sources of pollution must obtain permits demonstrating compliance with the Best Available Control Technology (BACT) standard. New Source Review applies in areas that meet air quality standards (attainment areas) and areas that do not (nonattainment areas).

Enforcement

The EPA and states enforce the CAA through administrative orders, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution. Citizen suit provisions allow individuals and organizations to sue violators.