Land Code of the Russian Federation

Introduction

The Land Code of the Russian Federation (Zemelny Kodeks), adopted in 2001, governs land ownership, use, and transactions in Russia. The Code established the legal framework for private land ownership following the Soviet era.

Ownership Forms

The Code recognizes private ownership, state ownership (federal and regional), and municipal ownership. Foreign persons and entities face restrictions on owning agricultural and border-zone land.

Categories of Land

Land is classified into categories: agricultural land, settlement land, industrial land, specially protected areas, forestry land, water fund land, and reserve land. Transfers between categories require government permission.

Land Transactions

Land transactions require registration with the Unified State Register of Real Estate (USRN). Leases are common for commercial land use. Easements (servituty) may be established for access and utility purposes.