Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation

Introduction

The Criminal Procedure Code (UPK RF), adopted in 2001, governs criminal investigations, prosecutions, and trials in Russia. The Code replaced the Soviet-era code and introduced adversarial elements while maintaining features of the inquisitorial tradition.

Pre-Trial Proceedings

Criminal investigations are conducted by the Investigative Committee and Ministry of Interior investigators. Suspects have rights to counsel from the moment of detention. Pre-trial detention is subject to judicial approval with strict time limits.

Trial

Cases are heard by a single judge or a panel of three judges. Jury trials are available for serious criminal offenses at the defendant’s election. The prosecution bears the burden of proof. Defendants have the right to present evidence and examine witnesses.

Appeals

Convictions may be appealed through appellate, cassation, and supervisory review. The appellate court may review factual and legal errors. The cassation court reviews significant violations of law.