RU
All articles tagged with jurisdiction: RU
AI in the Russian Workplace
Labour Law Framework for AI-Driven HR Decisions Russian labour law, codified in the Labour Code of the Russian Federation (Trudovoy Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii, TK RF), does not contain provisions …
Appeals Against Administrative Acts in Russia
The Code of Administrative Procedure The Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation (Kodeks Administrativnogo Sudoproizvodstva, CAS RF) was adopted as Federal Law No. 21-FZ of 8 March …
Comparative AI Regulation and Technology Law
Introduction Artificial intelligence regulation has emerged as one of the most dynamic and contested areas of comparative law in the 2020s. Jurisdictions worldwide are racing to develop legal …
Comparative Competition and Antitrust Law
Introduction Competition law — known as antitrust law in the United States — regulates market conduct to promote competition, prevent monopolization, and protect consumer welfare. While all major …
Comparative Constitutional Law
Introduction Constitutional law defines the fundamental architecture of state power and its relationship with the individual. Yet constitutional arrangements diverge dramatically across jurisdictions, …
Comparative Contract Law: Formation, Performance, and Remedies
Introduction Contract law lies at the heart of private law ordering across all legal systems, yet its doctrinal architecture varies considerably. This article examines contract formation, performance …
Comparative Criminal Procedure: Adversarial and Inquisitorial Models
Introduction Criminal procedure regimes are conventionally arranged along a spectrum from adversarial (accusatorial) to inquisitorial models. The adversarial model, characteristic of common law …
Comparative Data Protection and Privacy Law
Introduction Data protection law has become a defining arena of comparative law in the digital age, with every major jurisdiction adopting legislation addressing the collection, processing, and …
Comparative Environmental Law
Introduction Environmental law has expanded dramatically since the 1970s, evolving from local pollution controls into a complex field encompassing climate change, biodiversity protection, chemical …
Comparative Labor and Employment Law
Introduction Labor law governs the relationship between employers, employees, and the state, encompassing individual employment rights (wages, working time, termination protection, …
Comparative Legal Systems: An Overview
Introduction The comparative study of legal systems is foundational to understanding how different societies organise normative order. Since the dawn of modern comparative law in the late nineteenth …
Comparative Tort Law: Liability Across Legal Systems
Introduction Tort law (or delict in civil law terminology) governs civil liability for harm caused by wrongful conduct. Despite considerable functional convergence, doctrinal structures across legal …
Contemporary Russian Legal Theory
Post-Soviet Jurisprudence and Legal Positivism Contemporary Russian legal theory has undergone a profound transformation since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, departing from the …
Contract Interpretation in Russia
Article 431 — The Statutory Rule Contract interpretation in Russian law is governed by Article 431 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes a hierarchical framework for …
Criminal Evidence in Russia
Sources of Criminal Evidence Law Criminal evidence in Russia is governed primarily by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation (Ugolovno-Protsessualny Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii, UPK …
EAEU Law
Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) was signed on 29 May 2014 in Astana, Kazakhstan, by the heads of state of the Russian Federation, the Republic of …
Early Landmark Cases of the Russian Constitutional Court (1992–1995)
The Russian Constitutional Court, established in 1991 as part of the judicial reforms of the perestroika period, played a crucial role in Russia’s transition from Soviet to post-Soviet …
Electoral and Political Party Jurisprudence of the Russian Constitutional Court
The Russian Constitutional Court has developed a significant body of jurisprudence on electoral law and political party regulation, reflecting the evolving balance between constitutional rights of …
Formation of Contracts Under Russian Law
General Principles The formation of contracts under Russian law is governed by Chapter 28 (Articles 432–449) of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The code adopts the classical …
Investment Arbitration Involving Russia
Russia’s Bilateral Investment Treaty Network The Russian Federation has concluded more than 80 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), the majority of which date from the 1990s and early 2000s. …
Models of Judicial Review: A Comparative Analysis
Introduction Judicial review — the power of courts to assess the conformity of legislation with a higher norm — is among the most consequential and contested features of modern constitutionalism. The …
Moral Damage in Russian Tort Law
Civil Code Provisions on Moral Damage Moral damage (moralny vred) in Russian tort law is governed by Articles 151 and 1099–1101 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Grazhdansky Kodeks …
Post-Soviet Legal Reform (1991–Present)
The 1993 Constitution and the Collapse of Soviet Institutions The dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 left the Russian Federation without a functioning legal system adequate for democracy and a …
Russia and International Criminal Courts
Russia and the Rome Statute The Russian Federation signed the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on 13 September 2000, but did not ratify it. The Statute remained pending …
Russia and International Criminal Law
Introduction The Russian Federation’s relationship with international criminal law is shaped by a paradoxical legacy. The Soviet Union was instrumental in the creation of the Nuremberg and Tokyo …
Russia and International Law Principles
Constitutional Foundation of International Law The relationship between Russian domestic law and international law is defined by Article 15(4) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), …
Russian AI Law
National AI Strategy The Russian Federation adopted its National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence (October 2019, updated in 2023) as the foundational policy document for AI …
Russian Antitrust Law
Statutory Framework Russian competition law is codified in Federal Law No. 135-FZ “On Protection of Competition” (the Competition Law), adopted on 26 July 2006. The law regulates …
Russian Arbitration Agreements
Definition and Form Requirements Under Russian law, an arbitration agreement (arbitrazhnoe soglashenie) is defined by the Federal Law on International Commercial Arbitration (No. 5338-1 of 7 July …
Russian Arbitration Law
Sources of Russian Arbitration Law Russian arbitration law is governed by a complex framework of legislative sources. The Law on International Commercial Arbitration of 1993 (No 5338-1) is based on …
Russian Bank Resolution
Legal Framework Bank resolution in Russia is governed by the Federal Law on the Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of Credit Institutions (No. 395-1 of 25 February 1999) and the Federal Law on Banks and Banking …
Russian Banking Law
The Constitutional and Legislative Framework The Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1993, establishes the foundations of the banking system at Articles 71 and 75, which place monetary …
Russian Banking Licensing
Legislative Framework Banking licensing in Russia is governed by the Federal Law on Banks and Banking Activities (No. 395-1 of 2 December 1990) and the Federal Law on the Central Bank of the Russian …
Russian Compensation for Harm
General Principles The law of compensation for harm (vozmeshchenie vreda) in Russia is codified in Chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 1064–1101), titled Obligations …
Russian Competition Proceedings
The Federal Antimonopoly Service The Federal Antimonopoly Service (Federalnaya Antimonopolnaya Sluzhba, FAS) is the central authority responsible for competition enforcement in Russia. The FAS …
Russian Corporate Bond Market
Federal Law on Securities Market The issuance and circulation of corporate bonds in Russia is governed by the Federal Law on the Securities Market (Federalny Zakon o Rynke Tsennykh Bumag, No. 39-FZ of …
Russian Corporate Disputes
Jurisdiction of Arbitration Courts Corporate disputes in Russia fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the arbitration courts (arbitrazhnye sudy), which constitute the system of economic courts …
Russian Corporate Governance
The Corporate Governance Code The Corporate Governance Code of the Russian Federation was approved by the Central Bank of Russia in 2014 and recommended for application by public joint-stock companies …
Russian Corporate Law
Sources of Russian Corporate Law Russian corporate law is derived principally from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part One, which contains the general provisions on legal entities, …
Russian Court System
Constitutional Foundations and the 2014 Judicial Reform The Russian court system is governed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted by referendum on 12 December 1993 and by the Federal …
Russian Cryptographic Regulation
Federal Law on Electronic Signatures The Federal Law on Electronic Signatures (Federalny Zakon ob Elektronnoy Podpisi, No. 63-FZ of 6 April 2011) establishes the legal framework for cryptographic …
Russian Cyber Law
Federal Law No. 152-FZ on Personal Data Federal Law No. 152-FZ of 27 July 2006 on Personal Data serves as the foundational data protection statute in the Russian Federation. The Law defines personal …
Russian Defence Procurement Law
Legal Framework Russian defence procurement is governed by the Federal Law on State Defence Procurement (No. 275-FZ of 29 December 2012), known as the Gosoboronzakaz Law. The law establishes the legal …
Russian Digital Markets Regulation
Fifth Antimonopoly Package and Digital Platforms The Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service (Federalnaya Antimonopolnaya Sluzhba, FAS) has been at the forefront of digital markets regulation through its …
Russian Doping Regulation
Domestic Legal Framework The Russian legal framework for combating doping in sport is established by the Federal Law on Physical Culture and Sport (No. 329-FZ of 4 December 2007), particularly Article …
Russian Energy Law
Constitutional and Federal Structure The energy sector in the Russian Federation is governed by a complex federal legal framework that allocates jurisdiction between the federal government and the …
Russian Environmental Law
Constitutional Foundations Russian environmental law is anchored in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993). Article 42 guarantees the right of every person to a favourable environment …
Russian Evidence Law
Overview Russian evidence law is codified in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation (Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс РФ, UPK) and the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation …
Russian Foreign Agent Legislation
Origins of the Foreign Agent Legislation The Russian foreign agent legislation originated in 2012 following political protests and the passage of the Law on Foreign Agents (Zakon ob inostrannykh …
Russian Gas Market Regulation
Gazprom and the Natural Gas Monopoly Public Joint-Stock Company Gazprom (PAO Gazprom) occupies a unique position in the Russian gas market, combining the functions of gas producer, pipeline operator, …
Russian Human Rights Law
The Constitutional Framework The Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular referendum on 12 December 1993, establishes the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Chapter 2 as a …
Russian Immigration Law
The Legislative Framework The primary legislative instrument governing the legal status of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation is the Federal Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the …
Russian Insider Trading Law
Legislative Framework Russian insider trading law is governed by the Federal Law on Combating the Misuse of Inside Information and Market Manipulation (No. 224-FZ of 27 July 2010), which entered into …
Russian Insolvency Law
Overview of Russian Insolvency Law Russian insolvency law is governed primarily by Federal Law No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” of 26 October 2002 (the Bankruptcy Law), which has …
Russian Insolvency Procedure Types
Sources of Insolvency Law Russian insolvency law is codified in the Federal Law on Insolvency (Bankruptcy) (No. 127-FZ of 26 October 2002, as amended), which applies to legal entities, individual …
Russian Intellectual Property Law
Overview of Russian Intellectual Property Law Russian intellectual property law is codified in Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 1225-1551), effective 1 January 2008, which …
Russian International Arbitration Tribunals
Institutional Framework Russian international arbitration is served by a network of permanent arbitration institutions (postoyanno deystvuyushchie arbitrazhnye uchrezhdeniya, PDAUs) that have been …
Russian International Trade Law
Introduction to Russian International Trade Law Russian international trade law operates within a complex framework shaped by the country’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in …
Russian Labor Law
Overview of Russian Labour Law Russian labour law is codified in the Labour Code of the Russian Federation (Trudovoy Kodeks), adopted on 30 December 2001 and effective from 1 February 2002, replacing …
Russian Land Ownership
Land Code of the Russian Federation The Land Code of the Russian Federation (Zemelny Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii, ZK RF), adopted in 2001 and effective from 30 October 2001, is the principal …
Russian Legal History: 19th–20th Centuries
The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the most dramatic transformations in Russian legal history: the comprehensive codification of Russian law under Mikhail Speransky, the Great Reforms of Alexander …
Russian Legal History: 9th–18th Centuries
Russian legal history from the 9th to the 18th centuries traces the evolution from customary tribal law through the first written codifications of Kyivan Rus’ to the elaborate absolutist legal …
Russian Legal Philosophy
Overview Russian legal philosophy follows a distinctive trajectory shaped by the country’s oscillating relationship with Western European thought, its Orthodox Christian heritage, the …
Russian Legal Positivism
The Positivist Tradition in Russian Law Legal positivism in Russia, as in Western Europe, asserted the separation of law as it is from law as it ought to be, grounding legal validity in formal …
Russian Legal Theory
Soviet Legal Theory The development of Soviet legal theory was marked by profound ideological struggles over the nature and function of law under socialism. Evgeny Pashukanis, the most original …
Russian Licensing System
Legal Framework The Russian licensing system (litsenzirovanie) is governed by the Federal Law on Licensing of Certain Types of Activities (No. 99-FZ of 4 May 2011), which replaced the earlier Law No. …
Russian Maritime Law
Sources and Scope The Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation (Кодекс торгового мореплавания Российской Федерации, КТМ), adopted in 1999, is the primary legislative instrument governing …
Russian Media Law
Overview of Russian Media Law Russian media law operates within a highly centralised and state-directed regulatory framework that has become increasingly restrictive since the early 2010s. The …
Russian Medical Law
Sources of Russian Medical Law Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the right to health protection and free medical care in state and municipal health institutions. The …
Russian Military Law
The Constitutional and Legislative Foundations Russian military law derives from the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), particularly Article 87, which designates the President as the …
Russian Military Service Law
Federal Law on Military Duty and Military Service The Federal Law on Military Duty and Military Service (Federalny Zakon o Voinskoy Obyazannosti i Voennoy Sluzhbe, No. 53-FZ of 28 March 1998, as …
Russian Natural Law Theory
Foundations of Russian Natural Law Natural law thinking in Russia developed as a distinctive current of legal philosophy, shaped by the tension between Western Enlightenment ideas, Orthodox Christian …
Russian Natural Monopoly Regulation
Legal Framework Natural monopoly regulation in Russia is governed by the Federal Law on Natural Monopolies (No. 147-FZ of 17 August 1995), which defines natural monopolies as states of the commodity …
Russian Pharmaceutical Regulation
Federal Law on Medicines Circulation The Federal Law on the Circulation of Medicines (Federalny Zakon ob Obrashchenii Lekarstvennykh Sredstv, No. 61-FZ of 12 April 2010) is the principal regulatory …
Russian Property Law — Land Ownership and Reform
Russian property law has been fundamentally reshaped since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, transitioning from a system of exclusive state ownership to one that recognises private …
Russian Securities Law
Statutory Foundations Russian securities law is anchored in Federal Law No. 39-FZ of 22 April 1996 “On the Securities Market” (the “Securities Market Law”), which constitutes …
Russian Shared Property Law
Legal Framework Russian law governing shared property (obshchaya sobstvennost) is codified in Chapter 16 (Articles 244–259) of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The concept of shared property …
Russian Shipping Regulation
Russian Maritime Register of Shipping The Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (Rossiysky Morskoy Registr Sudokhodstva, RMRS) is the technical classification society and statutory certification body …
Russian Sports Law
Federal Law on Physical Culture and Sport The foundational statute of Russian sports law is Federal Law No. 329-FZ of 4 December 2007 on Physical Culture and Sport in the Russian Federation …
Russian Sports Regulation
Federal Law on Physical Culture and Sport The Federal Law on Physical Culture and Sport in the Russian Federation (Federalny Zakon o Fizicheskoy Kulture i Sporte, No. 329-FZ of 4 December 2007) is the …
Russian Tax Administration
Federal Tax Service (FNS) The Federal Tax Service (Federalnaya Nalogovaya Sluzhba, FNS) is the federal executive authority responsible for tax administration, tax control, and tax liability …
Russian Tax Law
Sources of Russian Tax Law Russian tax law is codified in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Nalogoviy Kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii), comprising Part One (the General Part, adopted 1998) and Part …
Russian Telecommunications Regulation
Federal Law on Communications The Federal Law on Communications (Federalny Zakon o Svyazi, No. 126-FZ of 7 July 2003) is the foundational statute governing telecommunications in the Russian …
Russian Telemedicine Law
Legislative Framework Russian telemedicine law is governed primarily by the Federal Law on the Fundamentals of Health Protection (No. 323-FZ of 21 November 2011), as amended by Federal Law No. 242-FZ …
Russian Tort Law
Sources and Structure Russian tort law is codified in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Гражданский кодекс Российской Федерации), specifically Chapter 59 (Articles 1064–1101) on …
Russian Transfer Pricing
Tax Code Section V.1 Russian transfer pricing (transfertnoe tsenoobrazovanie) rules are codified in Section V.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (NK RF), introduced by Federal Law No. 227-FZ …
Russian Work Permits
Legal Framework for Foreign Workers The employment of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation is primarily regulated by the Federal Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian …
Soviet Legal Theory and Practice
The Bolshevik Abolition of the Tsarist Legal System The Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917 initiated the most radical legal transformation in modern history: the complete abolition of the …