Procedures
Administrative Court Procedure Under the VwGO
German administrative court procedure is governed by the Administrative Court Code (Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, VwGO) of 21 January 1960. The VwGO establishes a comprehensive system of judicial review …
Civil Procedure in Germany: ZPO and Civil Litigation
German civil procedure is governed by the Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO), the Code of Civil Procedure, enacted in 1877 and substantially reformed in 2002. The ZPO establishes the rules for civil litigation …
Criminal Procedure in Germany: StPO and Criminal Procedure
German criminal procedure is governed by the Strafprozessordnung (StPO), the Code of Criminal Procedure, enacted in 1877 and extensively amended since. The StPO regulates the conduct of criminal …
The Constitutional Complaint (Verfassungsbeschwerde) Procedure
The constitutional complaint (Verfassungsbeschwerde) is the central remedy for the protection of fundamental rights in the German legal order. Governed by Article 93(1)(4a) of the Grundgesetz and …
The Verfassungsbeschwerde: Constitutional Complaint Procedure
The constitutional complaint (Verfassungsbeschwerde) is the most important remedy before the Federal Constitutional Court. Article 93(1)(4a) of the Grundgesetz and sections 90–95 of the Federal …