EU Legislation
Reference articles on major EU regulations and directives. These pages provide summaries and key information about significant legislative instruments of the European Union. For the complete text of any instrument, refer to the linked EUR-Lex entry.
Directive (EU) 2019/1023 on restructuring and insolvency (Restructuring and Insolvency Directive)
Overview The Restructuring and Insolvency Directive harmonizes certain aspects of national restructuring and insolvency frameworks. It requires Member States to provide preventive restructuring …
Directive (EU) 2019/1937 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law (Whistleblower Directive)
Overview The Whistleblower Directive establishes minimum standards for the protection of persons reporting breaches of Union law. It requires legal persons in the private and public sectors with 50 or …
Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market (Copyright Directive)
Overview The Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market modernizes EU copyright law for the digital age. Key provisions include Article 15 (formerly Article 11) creating a related right for …
Directive (EU) 2021/2255 amending the Fourth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD6)
Overview The Sixth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD6) harmonizes definitions and sanctions for money laundering offenses across the EU. It extends criminal liability to legal persons, establishes …
Directive (EU) 2021/501 on the revision of the Fourth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD5)
Overview The Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD5) amended the EU AML framework to address emerging risks including virtual currencies and anonymous prepaid instruments. It extended AML …
Directive (EU) 2024/1760 on corporate sustainability due diligence (CSDDD)
Overview The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) introduces mandatory human rights and environmental due diligence obligations for large companies operating in the EU. Companies …
Directive 2003/88/EC concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time (Working Time Directive)
Overview The Working Time Directive (WTD) establishes minimum health and safety requirements for the organization of working time. It provides for a maximum 48-hour average working week (including …
Directive 2004/39/EC on markets in financial instruments (MiFID I)
Overview The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID I) established the harmonized regulatory framework for investment services and regulated markets in the EU. It introduced the concept of …
Directive 2009/138/EC on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II)
Overview Solvency II establishes a risk-based prudential framework for insurance and reinsurance undertakings in the EU. It adopts a three-pillar structure: Pillar I sets quantitative requirements …
Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (Animal Experiments Directive)
Overview The Animal Experiments Directive establishes standards for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, implementing the principle of the 3Rs: Replacement (of animals with …
Directive 2014/59/EU establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions (Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive)
Overview The Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) establishes a harmonized framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms. It requires institutions to …
Directive 2014/65/EU on markets in financial instruments (MiFID II)
Overview The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) harmonizes regulation of investment services and trading venues across the EU. It extends pre- and post-trade transparency …
Regulation (EC) 1/2003 on the implementation of the rules on competition (Antitrust Regulation)
Overview The Antitrust Regulation (Regulation 1/2003) modernized the enforcement of EU competition rules under Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. It abolished the prior notification system for agreements …
Regulation (EC) 1223/2009 on cosmetic products (Cosmetics Regulation)
Overview The EU Cosmetics Regulation establishes a comprehensive regulatory framework for cosmetic products placed on the EU market. It requires a responsible person established in the EU for each …
Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP Regulation)
Overview The Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation (CLP) aligns EU chemicals regulation with the UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS). It requires manufacturers, importers, and downstream …
Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
Overview REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) establishes a comprehensive regulatory framework for chemical substances manufactured or imported in the EU. …
Regulation (EC) 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)
Overview The Rome I Regulation harmonizes the rules for determining the law applicable to contractual obligations in civil and commercial matters involving a conflict of laws. It applies in all EU …
Regulation (EC) 864/2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II)
Overview The Rome II Regulation harmonizes the rules for determining the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (torts, delicts, and quasi-delicts) in civil and commercial matters. The general …
Regulation (EU) 1215/2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (Brussels I recast)
Overview The Brussels I Regulation (recast) governs jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters between EU Member States (excluding Denmark). The …
Regulation (EU) 2015/2365 on transparency of securities financing transactions (SFTR)
Overview The Securities Financing Transactions Regulation (SFTR) introduces transparency requirements for securities financing transactions (SFTs) such as repurchase agreements, securities lending, …
Regulation (EU) 2015/2424 amending the Community trade mark regulation (Trademark Reform)
Overview The EU Trademark Reform Regulation amended the Community Trade Mark Regulation to modernize the EU trademark system. Key changes included renaming the Office for Harmonization in the Internal …
Regulation (EU) 2015/848 on insolvency proceedings (Recast Insolvency Regulation)
Overview The Recast Insolvency Regulation governs cross-border insolvency proceedings within the EU (excluding Denmark). It establishes rules for jurisdiction (based on the debtor’s center of …
Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases (Animal Health Law)
Overview The Animal Health Law (AHL) establishes a comprehensive regulatory framework for the prevention and control of transmissible animal diseases. It adopts a risk-based approach to disease …
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation)
Overview The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is the cornerstone of EU data protection law. It strengthens individuals’ control over their personal data, harmonizes data protection …
Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 on the European Union trade mark (EU Trade Mark Regulation)
Overview The EU Trade Mark Regulation establishes the European Union trade mark (EUTM) system, providing uniform trademark protection across all EU Member States through a single application to the …
Regulation (EU) 2017/1128 on cross-border portability of online content services (Portability Regulation)
Overview The Portability Regulation enables consumers to access their online content services (such as streaming services for films, sports, music, and games) when temporarily present in another EU …
Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices (Medical Devices Regulation)
Overview The Medical Devices Regulation (MDR) establishes a robust regulatory framework for medical devices in the EU. It introduces stricter requirements for clinical evidence, including clinical …
Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDR)
Overview The In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation (IVDR) establishes a comprehensive regulatory framework for in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDs) in the EU. It introduces risk-based …
Regulation (EU) 2018/1807 on a framework for the free flow of non-personal data (Free Flow of Data Regulation)
Overview The Free Flow of Data Regulation establishes the principle of free movement of non-personal data within the EU, prohibiting data localization requirements unless justified on public security …
Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 on promoting fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation services (P2B Regulation)
Overview The Platform-to-Business (P2B) Regulation promotes fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation services (platforms) and online search engines. It requires platforms …
Regulation (EU) 2021/1230 on preventing the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering (AML Regulation)
Overview The AML Regulation (also known as AMLR) is part of the EU’s comprehensive reform of anti-money laundering rules. It harmonizes AML/CFT requirements directly applicable across Member …
Regulation (EU) 2021/690 establishing the Internal Market Programme (IMP)
Overview The Internal Market Programme (IMP) Regulation establishes a single funding program to support the functioning, development, and enforcement of the EU internal market from 2021 to 2027. It …
Regulation (EU) 2021/953 on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate)
Overview The EU Digital COVID Certificate Regulation established a framework for interoperability of vaccination, test, and recovery certificates during the COVID-19 pandemic. It required Member …
Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Act)
Overview The Digital Markets Act (DMA) regulates large online platforms designated as gatekeepers to ensure contestable and fair digital markets. It establishes a list of do’s and don’ts …
Regulation (EU) 2022/2036 on the European Critical Raw Materials Act
Overview The European Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) establishes a framework to ensure the EU’s access to secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials. It sets benchmarks for …
Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act)
Overview The Digital Services Act (DSA) creates a comprehensive regulatory framework for digital services, particularly online platforms and intermediaries. It establishes due diligence obligations …
Regulation (EU) 2022/2551 on a framework for the recovery and resolution of central counterparties (CCP Recovery and Resolution)
Overview Regulation (EU) 2022/2551 on a framework for the recovery and resolution of central counterparties (CCP Recovery and Resolution) is a key piece of eu regulation in the area of financial …
Regulation (EU) 2022/868 on European data governance (Data Governance Act)
Overview The Data Governance Act (DGA) creates a framework for increased data sharing across the EU by regulating re-use of public sector data, data intermediation services, and data altruism. It …
Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 on deforestation-free products (Deforestation Regulation)
Overview The Deforestation Regulation requires companies placing relevant commodities (cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya, wood) and derived products on the EU market to exercise due …
Regulation (EU) 2023/2055 on the European Chips Act
Overview The European Chips Act strengthens the EU’s semiconductor ecosystem through measures to boost innovation, production capacity, and supply chain security. It establishes the Chips for …
Regulation (EU) 2023/2411 on the protection of geographical indications for craft and industrial products (GI Regulation)
Overview The Geographical Indications Regulation for craft and industrial products extends EU geographical indication (GI) protection beyond food and beverages to cover products such as handmade …
Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data (Data Act)
Overview The Data Act harmonizes rules on fair access to and use of data generated by connected products and related services. It gives users of connected devices (IoT) the right to access and share …
Regulation (EU) 2024/1023 on digital operational resilience for the financial sector (DORA)
Overview The Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) establishes a comprehensive framework for ICT risk management in the EU financial sector. It requires financial entities to manage ICT risk …
Regulation (EU) 2024/1042 amending the Schengen Borders Code
Overview The Schengen Borders Code amendment introduces revised rules for the temporary reintroduction of internal border controls within the Schengen area. It establishes graduated response …
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)
Overview The Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) adopts a risk-based approach to AI regulation, categorizing AI systems into unacceptable risk (prohibited), high risk (subject to conformity …
Regulation (EU) 253/2012 on the Common European Sales Law proposal
Overview Regulation (EU) 253/2012 on the Common European Sales Law proposal is a key piece of eu regulation in the area of contract law. This eu regulation (32012R0253) is part of the EU’s legal …
Regulation (EU) 575/2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions (Capital Requirements Regulation)
Overview The Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR) establishes prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms in the EU, implementing the Basel III framework. It sets …
Regulation (EU) 910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions (eIDAS)
Overview The eIDAS Regulation creates a harmonized legal framework for electronic identification and trust services across the EU. It establishes mutual recognition of electronic identification …