Cases
Costa v ENEL (1964): The Supremacy of EU Law
Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64) is the landmark judgment in which the European Court of Justice established the doctrine of supremacy of EU law over conflicting national law. Decided on 15 July 1964, one …
Internationale Handelsgesellschaft (1970): Fundamental Rights in EU Law
Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel (Case 11/70) is a seminal judgment of the European Court of Justice that established fundamental …
Mangold (2005): General Principles and Horizontal Direct Effect
Mangold v Helm (Case C-144/04) is a landmark judgment of the European Court of Justice that established that the general principle of non-discrimination on grounds of age has horizontal direct effect …
Van Gend en Loos (1963): The Foundation of Direct Effect
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Case 26/62) is the foundational judgment of European Union law. Decided by the European Court of Justice on 5 February 1963, it …