Corporate Law
Corporate law regulates the creation, operation, and termination of business corporations. It covers corporate governance, fiduciary duties of directors and officers, shareholder rights, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate finance. This category examines the legal frameworks that govern business organizations across major jurisdictions.
Chinese Company Law 2023 Revision
Background to the 2023 Revision The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (Gongsi Fa), originally enacted in 1993 and substantially revised in 2005 and 2013, underwent its most …
Chinese Corporate Law
Sources of Chinese Corporate Law The principal source of Chinese corporate law is the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, originally enacted in 1993 and substantially revised in 2005, …
Company Formation and Structure in Australia
Introduction Company formation in Australia is governed by the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), which provides the legal framework for the incorporation, governance, and dissolution of companies. Types of …
Company Formation and Structure in Brazil
Introduction Company formation in Brazil is governed by Law No. 6.404/1976 (the Corporations Law), which provides the legal framework for the incorporation, governance, and dissolution of companies. …
Company Formation and Structure in Canada
Introduction Company formation in Canada is governed by the Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA), which provides the legal framework for the incorporation, governance, and dissolution of companies. …
Company Formation and Structure in Japan
Introduction Company formation in Japan is governed by the Companies Act, which provides the legal framework for the incorporation, governance, and dissolution of companies. Types of Companies The …
Company Formation and Structure in Mexico
Introduction Company formation in Mexico is governed by the General Law of Commercial Companies (LGSM), which provides the legal framework for the incorporation, governance, and dissolution of …
Company Formation and Structure in Nigeria
Introduction Company formation in Nigeria is governed by the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA), which provides the legal framework for the incorporation, governance, and dissolution of …
Company Formation and Structure in South Africa
Introduction Company formation in South Africa is governed by the Companies Act, which provides the legal framework for the incorporation, governance, and dissolution of companies. Types of Companies …
Company Formation and Structure in South Korea
Introduction Company formation in South Korea is governed by the Commercial Act, which provides the legal framework for the incorporation, governance, and dissolution of companies. Types of Companies …
Company Formation Under the Companies Act 2006
Introduction Company formation — or incorporation — is the process by which a company is created as a legal entity distinct from its owners. In the United Kingdom, the formation of companies is …
Corporate Formation and Structure
Introduction Corporate formation is the process by which a business entity becomes a legally recognized corporation. The corporation is a distinct legal entity, separate from its shareholders, with …
Corporate Governance
Introduction Corporate governance refers to the system of rules, practices, and processes by which corporations are directed and controlled. The governance structure balances the interests of the …
Corporate Governance in the United Kingdom
Introduction Corporate governance concerns the system by which companies are directed and controlled. In the United Kingdom, corporate governance is regulated through a combination of legislation, …
Corporate Insolvency Law in the United Kingdom
Introduction Corporate insolvency law in the United Kingdom governs the legal processes applicable to companies that are unable to pay their debts. The primary legislation is the Insolvency Act 1986 …
Corporate Law in Australia
Introduction Australian corporate law is governed by a single national legislative regime: the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Prior to 2001, corporate regulation was fragmented across state-based …
Corporate Law in Brazil
Introduction Corporate law in Brazil (Direito Societário or Direito Empresarial) is primarily governed by Law 6.404/1976 (the Corporations Law or Lei das S.A.), which regulates publicly traded …
Corporate Law in Canada
Overview Corporate law in Canada governs the creation, operation, and dissolution of business corporations. The central statute is the Canada Business Corporations Act, RSC 1985, c C-44 (CBCA), …
Corporate Law in Japan
Overview of Japanese Corporate Law Japanese corporate law is governed principally by the Companies Act (Kaisha Ho, Law No. 86 of 2005, effective 1 May 2006), which consolidated and modernised the …
Corporate Law in Mexico
Introduction Mexican corporate law is governed primarily by the General Law of Commercial Companies (Ley General de Sociedades Mercantiles, LGSM), enacted in 1934 and subsequently amended. The law …
Corporate Law in Nigeria
Introduction Corporate law in Nigeria is primarily governed by the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020, which repealed and replaced the CAMA 1990. The Act establishes the legal framework for …
Corporate Law in South Africa
Introduction South African corporate law is primarily governed by the Companies Act 71 of 2008, which replaced the outdated Companies Act 61 of 1973. The Act represents a modern, flexible approach to …
Corporate Law in South Korea
Introduction South Korean corporate law is governed by the Commercial Act (상법, Act No. 1000, 1962) , which underwent comprehensive reform in 2011–2012. The Act regulates corporate formation, …
Director Duties and Liabilities in Australia
Introduction Director duties in Australia impose fiduciary and statutory obligations on company directors to act in the interests of the company. Breach of these duties may result in civil liability, …
Director Duties and Liabilities in Brazil
Introduction Director duties in Brazil impose fiduciary and statutory obligations on company directors to act in the interests of the company. Breach of these duties may result in civil liability, …
Director Duties and Liabilities in Canada
Introduction Director duties in Canada impose fiduciary and statutory obligations on company directors to act in the interests of the company. Breach of these duties may result in civil liability, …
Director Duties and Liabilities in Japan
Introduction Director duties in Japan impose fiduciary and statutory obligations on company directors to act in the interests of the company. Breach of these duties may result in civil liability, …
Director Duties and Liabilities in Mexico
Introduction Director duties in Mexico impose fiduciary and statutory obligations on company directors to act in the interests of the company. Breach of these duties may result in civil liability, …
Director Duties and Liabilities in Nigeria
Introduction Director duties in Nigeria impose fiduciary and statutory obligations on company directors to act in the interests of the company. Breach of these duties may result in civil liability, …
Director Duties and Liabilities in South Africa
Introduction Director duties in South Africa impose fiduciary and statutory obligations on company directors to act in the interests of the company. Breach of these duties may result in civil …
Director Duties and Liabilities in South Korea
Introduction Director duties in South Korea impose fiduciary and statutory obligations on company directors to act in the interests of the company. Breach of these duties may result in civil …
Directors' Duties Under the Companies Act 2006
Introduction The duties of directors in UK company law were codified for the first time by the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), sections 170 to 181. Before the CA 2006, directors’ duties were …
EU Cross-Border Mobility: Mergers, Divisions, Conversions, and Transfers
Introduction EU cross-border mobility law enables companies to restructure, relocate, and reorganise across Member State borders while preserving legal continuity. Grounded in the fundamental freedoms …
European Union Corporate Law
The Harmonisation of Company Law European Union corporate law is primarily a project of legislative harmonisation through directives, which must be transposed into the national law of each member …
Fiduciary Duties of Directors
Introduction The directors of a corporation owe fiduciary duties to the corporation and its shareholders. These duties are the cornerstone of corporate law, governing the conduct of directors in …
Foreign Investment Regulation Under the Foreign Investment Law
The Foreign Investment Law (Waishang Touzi Fa, 外商投资法), effective 1 January 2020, represents the most fundamental reform of China’s foreign investment regime in decades. The Law replaced the …
French Business Legal Forms
The Legal Framework French business legal forms are governed by the Code de commerce, the Code civil, and the Code général des impôts. The law distinguishes between entreprises individuelles (sole …
French Corporate Law
Sources of French Corporate Law French corporate law (droit des sociétés) is codified principally in the Commercial Code (Code de commerce), which was substantially reformed in 1966 and again by the …
French SARL: Limited Liability Company Formation, Management, and Taxation
The Société à Responsabilité Limitée (SARL) is the traditional French limited liability company form. Created by the Law of 7 March 1925 and now governed by the Code de commerce, the SARL offers …
French SAS: The Simplified Joint-Stock Company
The Société par Actions Simplifiée (SAS) is a flexible corporate form introduced by French law to provide a simplified legal framework for joint-stock companies. The SAS was created by the Law of 3 …
German Corporate Law
Sources of German Corporate Law German corporate law (Gesellschaftsrecht) derives principally from the Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz, AktG) of 1965, governing the Aktiengesellschaft (AG), and …
German Partnership Law
Overview of German Partnership Forms German law recognises several forms of partnership (Personengesellschaften), each with distinct legal characteristics regarding formation, liability, registration, …
Mergers and Acquisitions
Introduction Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) encompass the legal and financial mechanisms by which corporations combine or one corporation acquires control of another. M&A transactions take …
Overview of German Corporate Law
German corporate law governs the formation, organization, and dissolution of business entities. The Aktiengesetz (AktG) regulates stock corporations (AG), the GmbH-Gesetz (GmbHG) governs limited …
Russian Corporate Disputes
Jurisdiction of Arbitration Courts Corporate disputes in Russia fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the arbitration courts (arbitrazhnye sudy), which constitute the system of economic courts …
Russian Corporate Governance
The Corporate Governance Code The Corporate Governance Code of the Russian Federation was approved by the Central Bank of Russia in 2014 and recommended for application by public joint-stock companies …
Russian Corporate Law
Sources of Russian Corporate Law Russian corporate law is derived principally from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part One, which contains the general provisions on legal entities, …
Russian Joint-Stock Company (AO): Public and Non-Public, Shareholder Rights, and Governance
The joint-stock company (aktsionernoye obshchestvo, AO) is the corporate form used for larger enterprises in Russia, particularly those seeking public capital markets or requiring the flexibility to …
Russian Limited Liability Company (OOO): Formation, Management, and Participant Rights
The limited liability company (obshchestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennostyu, OOO) is the most common form of legal entity for commercial activity in Russia. Governed primarily by Federal Law No. 14-FZ …
The European Company (SE): Formation, Structure, and Employee Involvement
Introduction The European Company, or Societas Europaea (SE) , established by Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 (the SE Regulation) supplemented by Directive 2001/86/EC on employee involvement, …
Types of Companies in China
Limited Liability Company (LLC) The limited liability company (yǒuxiàn zérèn gōngsī) is the most common corporate form in China, governed by the Company Law (gōngsī fǎ). An LLC features a capital …
United Kingdom Corporate Law
Sources of Corporate Law The principal source of English corporate law is the Companies Act 2006, the longest Act of Parliament in British legislative history, which consolidated and modernised …
United States Corporate Law
Sources of Corporate Law United States corporate law is principally a matter of state law, with the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) serving as the dominant jurisdiction for publicly traded …