Administrative Law
Administrative law governs the activities of administrative agencies of government, including rulemaking, adjudication, and enforcement. It encompasses the legal principles that control the exercise of power by government agencies and the relationship between agencies, the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. This category covers the Administrative Procedure Act, agency discretion, and standards of judicial review across multiple jurisdictions.
Administrative Law in Australia
Introduction Australian administrative law comprises a distinctive set of doctrines and institutions that regulate the exercise of public power. Unlike unitary systems such as the United Kingdom, …
Administrative Law in Brazil
Introduction Administrative law in Brazil (Direito Administrativo) governs the organization, powers, and duties of public administration entities and their relationship with private individuals. …
Administrative Law in Canada
Introduction Administrative law in Canada governs the legal framework within which public decision-makers — including ministers, tribunals, boards, commissions, and agencies — exercise statutory …
Administrative Law in Japan
Overview of Japanese Administrative Law Japanese administrative law is the body of law governing the organization, powers, and procedures of administrative agencies, as well as the legal relationship …
Administrative Law in Mexico
Introduction Mexican administrative law governs the organization, powers, and procedures of public administration at the federal, state, and municipal levels. The Federal Administrative Procedure Law …
Administrative Law in Nigeria
Introduction Administrative law in Nigeria governs the exercise of public power by executive and administrative bodies. Rooted in English common law principles but shaped by the Constitution of the …
Administrative Law in South Africa
Introduction South African administrative law governs the exercise of public power and the review of administrative action. It is foundational to the constitutional order, ensuring that all exercise …
Administrative Law in South Korea
Introduction South Korean administrative law governs the legal framework for administrative agencies, their powers, procedures, and judicial oversight. It draws from the German civil law tradition, …
Administrative Offences in Russia: The Code of Administrative Offences (KoAP RF)
The Russian law of administrative offences is codified in the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation (Kodeks ob Administrativnykh Pravonarusheniyakh, KoAP RF), adopted in 2001 and …
Administrative Permission Under Chinese Law
Administrative permission under Chinese law is governed by the Administrative Permission Law (Xingzheng Xuke Fa, 行政许可法), enacted in 2003 and substantially revised in 2019. The law regulates the system …
Administrative Procedure Under the PRC Administrative Procedure Law
The PRC Administrative Procedure Law (Xingzheng Susong Fa, 行政诉讼法), originally enacted in 1989 and substantially revised in 2014 and 2017, establishes the system of judicial review of administrative …
Administrative Tribunals in Australia
Introduction Administrative tribunals in Australia play a vital role in resolving disputes between individuals and the state. They provide specialized, accessible, and efficient adjudication outside …
Administrative Tribunals in Brazil
Introduction Administrative tribunals in Brazil play a vital role in resolving disputes between individuals and the state. They provide specialized, accessible, and efficient adjudication outside the …
Administrative Tribunals in Canada
Introduction Administrative tribunals in Canada play a vital role in resolving disputes between individuals and the state. They provide specialized, accessible, and efficient adjudication outside the …
Administrative Tribunals in Japan
Introduction Administrative tribunals in Japan play a vital role in resolving disputes between individuals and the state. They provide specialized, accessible, and efficient adjudication outside the …
Administrative Tribunals in Mexico
Introduction Administrative tribunals in Mexico play a vital role in resolving disputes between individuals and the state. They provide specialized, accessible, and efficient adjudication outside the …
Administrative Tribunals in Nigeria
Introduction Administrative tribunals in Nigeria play a vital role in resolving disputes between individuals and the state. They provide specialized, accessible, and efficient adjudication outside the …
Administrative Tribunals in South Africa
Introduction Administrative tribunals in South Africa play a vital role in resolving disputes between individuals and the state. They provide specialized, accessible, and efficient adjudication …
Administrative Tribunals in South Korea
Introduction Administrative tribunals in South Korea play a vital role in resolving disputes between individuals and the state. They provide specialized, accessible, and efficient adjudication outside …
APA Adjudication
Introduction The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) establishes distinct procedural frameworks for agency adjudication, the process by which agencies determine individual rights and obligations …
APA Rulemaking
Introduction The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) , codified at 5 USC §§ 551-559 and 701-706, establishes the procedural framework for federal agency rulemaking. Enacted in 1946, the APA was a …
Appeals Against Administrative Acts in Russia
The Code of Administrative Procedure The Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation (Kodeks Administrativnogo Sudoproizvodstva, CAS RF) was adopted as Federal Law No. 21-FZ of 8 March …
Chinese Administrative Law
Sources of Chinese Administrative Law Chinese administrative law has developed rapidly since the onset of economic reform and the construction of a legal system (fazhi jianshe) in the 1980s. The field …
Chinese Administrative Reconsideration
The Administrative Reconsideration System Administrative reconsideration (xingzheng fuyi, 行政复议) is China’s primary mechanism for internal administrative review of government action. It provides …
EU Administrative Law
Legal Foundations of EU Administrative Law EU administrative law governs the exercise of administrative authority by the institutions, bodies, offices, and agencies of the European Union, as well as …
EU Administrative Procedure
The Right to Good Administration Article 41 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union enshrines the right to good administration as a fundamental right binding on the institutions, …
Freedom of Information Act
Introduction The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) , codified at 5 USC § 552, establishes the public’s right to access federal agency records. Enacted in 1966, FOIA reflects a fundamental …
French Administrative Contracts: Criteria, Imprévision, and Public Procurement
French administrative contract law (droit des contrats administratifs) governs agreements between public authorities and private parties, as well as agreements between public authorities themselves. …
French Administrative Law (Droit Administratif)
Foundations of French Administrative Law French administrative law (droit administratif) constitutes a distinct and autonomous legal system governing the organisation, powers, and liabilities of …
French Decentralisation (Décentralisation)
Foundations of French Decentralisation French decentralisation (décentralisation) denotes the transfer of administrative powers and responsibilities from the central State to locally elected …
French Public Procurement (Commande Publique)
Foundations of French Public Procurement French public procurement law governs the awarding and performance of contracts by public purchasers, encompassing marchés publics (public supply, service, and …
French State Liability: Faute de Service, Faute Personnelle, and Risk Liability
French administrative liability law governs the responsibility of the state and other public entities for harm caused to individuals by administrative action. The system was established by the Arrêt …
French Urban Planning Law: PLU, Building Permits, and Expropriation
French urban planning law (droit de l’urbanisme) regulates land use, construction, and development across the French territory. The field is governed by the Code de l’urbanisme, which …
German Administrative Acts (Verwaltungsakt)
Definition and Statutory Basis The administrative act (Verwaltungsakt, VA) is the central instrument of German administrative action. Section 35 of the Administrative Procedure Act …
German Administrative Law (Verwaltungsrecht)
Constitutional Foundations German administrative law (Verwaltungsrecht) is fundamentally shaped by the constitutional principles of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz, GG), particularly the Rechtsstaat …
Judicial Review in the United Kingdom
Introduction Judicial review is the primary mechanism by which the High Court supervises the exercise of public functions to ensure legality, rationality, and procedural fairness. Unlike an appeal, …
Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Australia
Introduction Judicial review of administrative action is a cornerstone of administrative law in Australia. It enables courts to ensure that administrative bodies act within their legal authority and …
Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Brazil
Introduction Judicial review of administrative action is a cornerstone of administrative law in Brazil. It enables courts to ensure that administrative bodies act within their legal authority and …
Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Canada
Introduction Judicial review of administrative action is a cornerstone of administrative law in Canada. It enables courts to ensure that administrative bodies act within their legal authority and …
Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Japan
Introduction Judicial review of administrative action is a cornerstone of administrative law in Japan. It enables courts to ensure that administrative bodies act within their legal authority and …
Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Mexico
Introduction Judicial review of administrative action is a cornerstone of administrative law in Mexico. It enables courts to ensure that administrative bodies act within their legal authority and …
Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Nigeria
Introduction Judicial review of administrative action is a cornerstone of administrative law in Nigeria. It enables courts to ensure that administrative bodies act within their legal authority and …
Judicial Review of Administrative Action in South Africa
Introduction Judicial review of administrative action is a cornerstone of administrative law in South Africa. It enables courts to ensure that administrative bodies act within their legal authority …
Judicial Review of Administrative Action in South Korea
Introduction Judicial review of administrative action is a cornerstone of administrative law in South Korea. It enables courts to ensure that administrative bodies act within their legal authority and …
Judicial Review of Agency Action
Introduction Judicial review of agency action is a cornerstone of American administrative law, ensuring that federal agencies act within the bounds of their delegated authority and in accordance with …
Overview of German Administrative Law
German administrative law governs the legal relationship between citizens and public authorities. It is primarily codified in the Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (VwVfG), which establishes principles for …
Russian Administrative Law
Sources of Russian Administrative Law Russian administrative law governs the organisation and functioning of executive authority, the legal status of public officials, and the liability of individuals …
Russian Licensing System
Legal Framework The Russian licensing system (litsenzirovanie) is governed by the Federal Law on Licensing of Certain Types of Activities (No. 99-FZ of 4 May 2011), which replaced the earlier Law No. …
Russian State Service (Gosudarstvennaya Sluzhba): Legal Framework and Reform
Russian state service (gosudarstvennaya sluzhba) encompasses the professional activity of citizens of the Russian Federation in ensuring the execution of the powers of state bodies. The legal …
The Ombudsman in UK Public Law
Introduction The office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration — commonly known as the Parliamentary Ombudsman or PCA — was established by the Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 as a …
The UK Tribunals System
Introduction The United Kingdom tribunals system provides specialised adjudication for disputes between citizens and the state across a wide range of administrative areas. Following the Leggatt Review …
UK Administrative Law
Constitutional Foundations of Judicial Review UK administrative law centres on the judicial review of administrative action by public bodies. Unlike many jurisdictions, the United Kingdom lacks a …
US Administrative Law
Foundations of US Administrative Law US administrative law governs the legal framework within which federal administrative agencies operate. The field addresses the exercise of delegated legislative …