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Brazilian Civil Code of 2002

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

The Brazilian Civil Code (Código Civil, Law 10.406/2002) is the primary codification of private law in Brazil, replacing the 1916 Civil Code. Enacted after 27 years of drafting and debate, the 2002 Code entered into force on January 11, 2003. It represents a comprehensive modernization of Brazilian private law, incorporating constitutional values, particularly the principles of human dignity, social solidarity, and equality, while maintaining continuity with the civil law tradition.

Brazilian Penal Code of 1940

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

The Brazilian Penal Code (Código Penal, Decree-Law 2.848/1940) is the primary codification of criminal law in Brazil. Enacted on December 7, 1940, and effective from January 1, 1942, it replaced the 1830 Criminal Code of the Empire and the 1890 Penal Code of the Republic. The Code has been extensively amended, most notably by the 1984 reform of the General Part (Law 7.209/1984) and numerous special laws that have expanded and modified the Special Part.

Brazilian Consumer Protection Code of 1990

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

The Consumer Protection Code (Código de Defesa do Consumidor, CDC, Law 8.078/1990) is one of the most advanced consumer protection laws in the world. Enacted pursuant to Article 5, XXXII and Article 48 of the Transitory Provisions of the 1988 Constitution, the CDC established a comprehensive framework for consumer rights, including strict liability for defective products and services, mandatory information disclosure, protection against abusive clauses, and collective enforcement mechanisms. The CDC is a constitutional mandate — Article 5, XXXII provides that “the State shall promote consumer protection.”

General Data Protection Law of 2018 (LGPD)

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

The General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, LGPD, Law 13.709/2018) is Brazil’s comprehensive data protection framework. Approved on August 14, 2018, the LGPD became fully effective in August 2020 (with administrative penalties effective from August 2021). Modeled on the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the LGPD establishes principles, rights, and obligations for the processing of personal data by public and private entities. The law created the National Data Protection Authority (ANPD) as the regulatory and enforcement body.

Marco Civil da Internet of 2014

Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

The Marco Civil da Internet (Law 12.965/2014) is Brazil’s internet regulatory framework, often described as the Internet Constitution or Internet Bill of Rights. Enacted on April 23, 2014, the Marco Civil establishes principles, guarantees, rights, and duties for internet use in Brazil. It was the result of an innovative multi-stakeholder drafting process, including public online consultations, and has served as a model for internet governance legislation worldwide.

Legislative History

Drafting Process

The Marco Civil originated from Bill 2.126/2011, drafted by the Ministry of Justice with extensive public participation. The Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br) played a central role in the drafting, reflecting its multi-stakeholder governance model. The law was approved by the Chamber of Deputies in March 2014 and the Senate in April 2014, and was signed into law by President Dilma Rousseff.